Antimicrobial Efficacy of Propolis-Containing Varnish in Children: A Randomized and Double-Blind Clinical Trial

Table 2

Amount of Streptococcus mutans, expressed as the logarithm of the number of colony forming units (CFUs) per ml of saliva, measured in saliva samples with dilution of 1 : 100 on days 0 (pretreatment), 90, 180, and 360 in patients treated with chlorhexidine, fluoride, and propolis varnishes. The data correspond to the mean and standard deviation of the logarithm of the number of CFUs verified in the saliva samples of 25 patients treated with chlorhexidine and fluoride varnish and 24 subjects treated with propolis varnish.

Day	Chlorhexidine	Fluoride	Propolis	Significance (ANOVA)
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
0	0.45 ± 0.26	0.48 ± 0.20	0.68 ± 0.24^a,c	p = 0.0023
90	0.33 ± 0.13	0.36 ± 0.11	0.45 ± 0.25^x	= 0.0766
180	0.30 ± 0.00^y	0.34 ± 0.07^x	0.40 ± 0.18^a,y	p = 0.0120
360	0.31 ± 0.18^x	0.40 ± 0.28	0.64 ± 0.36^b,c,z	p = 0.0004
Significance (repeated measures ANOVA)	p = 0.0037	p = 0.0417	p = 0.0021

SD: standard deviation; ANOVA: analysis of variance; ^a() and ^b() denote statistically significant differences in relation to the chlorhexidine varnish on the same day, while ^c() indicates a statistically significant difference in relation to the fluoride varnish on the same day (Tukey’s test); ^x() and ^y() designate statistically significant differences in relation to day 0 in the same group, while ^z() denotes a statistically significant difference in relation to day 180 in the same group (Tukey’s test).