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| Activity | Models | Extract/pharmaceutical preparations | Findings |
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| Biochemical profile | Extract intake in rats by drinking water | Aqueous extract from aerial parts | Bodyweight dosages (400 and 800 mg/kg) resulted in a significant rise in serum triglycerides, while other lipids, liver enzyme parameters, and glycaemic (alanine and aspartate transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase) were unaffected [35] |
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| Bioadhesive mucous membranes | Ex vivo system (mucous membranes prepared buccal region tissue from killed pigs) | Aqueous extracts (flowers) | Less bioadhesion for epithelial tissue. Not feasible to correlate rehydration effects in this study, anti-irritative and anti-inflammatory [38] |
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| Antiaging | Quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and DNA macro array | Extract from seed | The rise in antioxidant gene expression [39] |
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| Antimicrobial | Sequential dilution of plant extracts mixed with 1 ml of DPPH | Methanolic extracts (seeds), dichloromethane, and n-hexane | Antioxidant properties by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) qualitative plates test.
For the DPPH test, no low activities for methanolic and n-hexane extracts were observed, and there was no activity for dichloromethane extract [40] |
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| Anticancer | MTT test | Hydroalcoholic leaves extract | Notable proliferative reduction of A375 and B16 cancer cell lines [41] |
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| Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) | The activity of enzymes evaluated at visible wavelengths | Ethanolic extract, essential oil fraction, decoction, and from aerial portions | No inhibitory observed through the use of the ethanolic extract, and 25% inhibited using 5 mg/ml of plant decoction; 28% of AChE inhibition by 0.1 mg/ml of essential oil [18] |
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