The Efficacy of Backward Walking on Static Stability, Proprioception, Pain, and Physical Function of Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Table 4
Comparison of pain and function between the two groups over time.
Groups
Items
NRS
WOMAC
Total
Pain
Stiffness
Function
BG
Before intervention
3.69 ± 0.79
21.56 ± 6.18
5.63 ± 1.93
1.31 ± 1.58
14.63 ± 3.56
After intervention
1.56 ± 0.63△
11.69 ± 2.50△
2.63 ± 0.81△
0.88 ± 1.09△
8.19 ± 1.87△
Changes
−2.13 ± 1.09
−9.88 ± 4.99
−3.00 ± 1.67
−0.44 ± 0.73
−6.44 ± 3.69
CG
Before intervention
3.63 ± 0.96
21.13 ± 4.87
5.19 ± 1.56
0.94 ± 1.18
15.00 ± 3.31
After intervention
2.25 ± 0.86△
16.19 ± 3.94△
3.31 ± 1.20
0.75 ± 0.93
12.13 ± 3.28△
Changes
−1.38 ± 0.89
−4.94 ± 2.41
−1.88 ± 1.03
−0.19 ± 0.40
−2.88 ± 1.78
Time effect
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.309
0.001
Group◊Time effect
F
3.364
4.667
2.462
0.168
5.363
0.072
0.035
0.122
0.683
0.024
η2
0.053
0.072
0.039
0.003
0.082
BG: backward walking group; NRS: numerical rating scale; WOMAC: the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index; △intragroup difference before intervention, ; intergroup difference after intervention, .
