Therapeutic Potential of Phytoconstituents in Management of Alzheimer’s Disease

Table 2

Medicinal plants against AD.

Drug/family	Phytoconstituents	Mechanism of action	Application	Enzymatic assay/target organism/cell line	References
Ginkgo biloba/Ginkgoaceae	Terpene trilactones, ginkgolides A, B, C, J and bilobalide, polyprenols biflavones, proanthocyanidins, alkylphenols	Cell damage in Alzheimer’s, decrease in fluid behaviour of membrane	Treating dementia with 240 mg daily, applied for boosting memory	C57BL/6 mice by inhibiting LPS-induced rises in iNOS levels	[43–45]
Salvia officinalis/Lamiaceae	Cineole, borneol, fumaric acid, chlorogenic acid thujone, tannic acid, oleic acid, ursolic acid, cornsole, caffeic acid, nicotinamide	Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase	Treating mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s	……..	[46–48]
Rosmarinus officinalis/Lamiaceae	Carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid, camphor, caffeic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, rosmaridiphenol	Inhibitor of lipid peroxidation	Protection of brain from stroke helpful to avoid Alzheimer’s	…….	[49–51]
Curcuma longa/Zingiberaceae	Curcumin and polyphenol	Involves inhibition of articular NF-B, a transcription factor activated in vascular endothelium	Alzheimer's disease treatment inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and tau protein	Transgenic APPSw mouse model (Tg2576)	[52–54]
Zingiber officinale/Zingiberaceae	Zingerone, shogaols, gingerols, β-sesquiphellandrene, bisabolene, farnesene, citral, cineol	Inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane B2, act on serotonin receptor	Treatment of Alzheimer’s	SHSY-5Y cells from Aβ-42 toxicity	[55–57]
Urtica dioica/Urticaceae	Acetylcholine, histamine, 5-hydroxy tryptamine, protein, fat, fiber	Boosting up cholinergic system in the brain	Treating Alzheimer’s disease	…..	[58–60]
Lepidium meyenii/Brassicaceae	Alkaloids, amino acids, arginine, histidine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine, anthocyanins, glucotropaeolin 81	It provides its antioxidant and AChE inhibitory activities 82	Enhance learning and memory, decrease lipid peroxidation and acetylcholinesterase	Ovariectomized mice	[61–63]
Huperzia serrata/Huperziaceae	Lycoposerramine-H, serratidine, obscurumine A, 11α-O-acetyllycopodine, huperzine A, huperzine B, huperzinine, lycodine	Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), inhibitory activity	It is used in neurodegeneration, Alzheimer's disease	Activates MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in mice	[64–66]
Terminalia chebula/Combretaceae	Arjunglucoside I, arjungenin, chebuloside I and II, chebulinic acid, gallic acid, ethyl gallate, punicalagin	Acetylcholinesterase inhibition	Used possibly in treatment of Alzheimer’s	……..	[67–69]
Withania somnifera/Solanaceae	Withanolides, dehydrowithanolide R, withasomniferin A, withasomidienone, withasomniferols A to C, withaferin A, and withanone	Neuronal cell death started by amyloid plaques is blocked	Alzheimer’s disease	Rat neuronal cells (PC-12)	[70–72]
Bacopa monnieri/ Scrophulariaceae	Bacoside A, bacoside, betulinic acid, D mannitol, stigmastanol, b sitosterol, stigmasterol	Showed cognition-enhancing effect in a rat model of Alzheimer’s and also inhibited cholinergic degeneration inhibition	Boosting memory and treating Alzheimer’s is potential use	Rat model of AD	[73]