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Entry | | Centaurea spp. | Action | Part | Extract | Activitya | Reference |
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1 | In vitro studies | C. bornmuelleri | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | Ethyl acetate | 33.12 ± 0.32 (mg ACAEb/g extract) | [67] |
2 | | C. bornmuelleri | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | MeOH | 10.17 ± 0.91 (mg ACAE/g extract) | [67] |
3 | | C. bornmuelleri | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | Decoction | 1.95 ± 0.07 (mg ACAE/g extract) | [67] |
4 | | C. bornmuelleri | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | Infusion | 2.36 ± 0.25 (mg ACAE/g extract) | [67] |
5 | | C. bornmuelleri | α-Amylase inhibition | Aerial parts | Ethyl acetate | 19.90 ± 0.89 (mg ACAE/g extract) | [67] |
6 | | C. bornmuelleri | α-Amylase inhibition | Aerial parts | MeOH | 16.73 ± 0.34 (mg ACAE/g extract) | [67] |
7 | | C. bornmuelleri | α-Amylase inhibition | Aerial parts | Decoction | 3.98 ± 0.22 (mg ACAE/g extract) | [67] |
8 | | C. bornmuelleri | α-Amylase inhibition | Aerial parts | Infusion | 3.54 ± 0.66 (mg ACAE/g extract) | [67] |
9 | | C. calcitrapa | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | MeOH | 4.38 ± 0.31 (mg/ml) | [68] |
10 | | C. centaurium | α-Amylase inhibition | Roots | MeOH | 32.51 ± 0.34% | [69] |
11 | | C. centaurium | α-Amylase inhibition | Roots | Aqueous | — | [69] |
12 | | C. centaurium | α-Amylase inhibition | Roots | Polyphenol | — | [69] |
13 | | C. centaurium | α-Amylase inhibition | Roots | n-Hexane | 158 (μg/ml) | [69] |
14 | | C. depressa | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | Ethyl acetate | 46.11 ± 0.97% | [70] |
15 | | C. depressa | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | Chloroform | 53.45 ± 1.98% | [70] |
16 | | C. depressa | α-Amylase inhibition | Aerial parts | Ethyl acetate | 36.93 ± 0.97% | [70] |
17 | | C. depressa | α-Amylase inhibition | Aerial parts | Chloroform | 43.97 ± 0.92% | [70] |
18 | | C. drabifolia subsp. detonsa | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | Ethyl acetate | 43.10 ± 2.41% | [70] |
19 | | C. drabifolia subsp. detonsa | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | Chloroform | 36.03 ± 0.24% | [70] |
20 | | C. drabifolia subsp. detonsa | α-Amylase inhibition | Aerial parts | Ethyl acetate | 25.58 ± 0.38% | [70] |
21 | | C. drabifolia subsp. detonsa | α-Amylase inhibition | Aerial parts | Chloroform | 25.28 ± 0.38% | [70] |
22 | | C. fenzlii | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | MeOH | 0.331 (mmol ACAE/g dry weight) | [71] |
23 | | C. fenzlii | α-Amylase inhibition | Aerial parts | MeOH | 0.354 (mmol ACAE/g dry weight) | [71] |
24 | | C. hypoleuca | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Flowers | EtOH | 10.33 ± 0.04 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [72] |
25 | | C. hypoleuca | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Flowers | MeOH | 12.77 ± 0.61 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [72] |
26 | | C. hypoleuca | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Flowers | Ethyl acetate | 19.61 ± 0.05 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [72] |
27 | | C. hypoleuca | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Stems | EtOH | 9.10 ± 0.06 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [72] |
28 | | C. hypoleuca | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Stems | MeOH | 8.66 ± 0.08 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [72] |
29 | | C. hypoleuca | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Stems | Ethyl acetate | 12.62 ± 0.21 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [72] |
30 | | C. hypoleuca | α-Amylase inhibition | Flowers | EtOH | 82.65 ± 1.31 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [72] |
31 | | C. hypoleuca | α-Amylase inhibition | Flowers | MeOH | 102.41 ± 1.18 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [72] |
32 | | C. hypoleuca | α-Amylase inhibition | Flowers | Ethyl acetate | 106.72 ± 1.10 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [72] |
33 | | C. hypoleuca | α-Amylase inhibition | Stems | EtOH | 63.64 ± 1.05 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [72] |
34 | | C. hypoleuca | α-Amylase inhibition | Stems | MeOH | 66.66 ± 0.67 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [72] |
35 | | C. hypoleuca | α-Amylase inhibition | Stems | Ethyl acetate | 72.41 ± 0.61 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [72] |
36 | | C. karduchorum | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Roots | Hydrophilic (80%EtOH, 19% H2O, and 1% of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, v/v/v) | 5.35 ± 0.08 (mg/ml) | [73] |
37 | | C. karduchorum | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Stems | Hydrophilic (80% ethanol, 19% H2O, and 1% of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, v/v/v) | 1.42 ± 0.10 (mg/ml) | [73] |
38 | | C. karduchorum | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Leaves | Hydrophilic (80% ethanol, 19% H2O, and 1% of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, v/v/v) | 0.63 ± 0.00 (mg/ml) | [73] |
39 | | C. karduchorum | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Flowers | Hydrophilic (80% ethanol, 19% H2O, and 1% of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, v/v/v) | 1.51 ± 0.22 (mg/ml) | [73] |
40 | | C. karduchorum | α-Amylase inhibition | Roots | Hydrophilic (80% ethanol, 19% H2O, and 1% of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, v/v/v) | Not active | [73] |
41 | | C. karduchorum | α-Amylase inhibition | Stems | Hydrophilic (80% ethanol, 19% H2O, and 1% of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, v/v/v) | Not active | [73] |
42 | | C. karduchorum | α-Amylase inhibition | Leaves | Hydrophilic (80% ethanol, 19% H2O, and 1% of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, v/v/v) | 14.63 ± 0.67 (mg/ml) | [73] |
43 | | C. karduchorum | α-Amylase inhibition | Flowers | Hydrophilic (80% ethanol, 19% H2O, and 1% of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, v/v/v) | Not active | [73] |
44 | | C. kotschyi var. persica | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | Ethyl acetate | 42.35 ± 2.22% | [70] |
45 | | C. kotschyi var. persica | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | Chloroform | 49.42 ± 0.92% | [70] |
46 | | C. kotschyi var. persica | α-Amylase inhibition | Aerial parts | Ethyl acetate | 36.16 ± 0.13% | [70] |
47 | | C. kotschyi var. persica | α-Amylase inhibition | Aerial parts | Chloroform | 42.72 ± 0.17% | [70] |
48 | | C. papposa | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | Dichloromethane | 227.6 ± 4.4 (μg/ml) | [8] |
49 | | C. papposa | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | Ethyl acetate | 791.9 ± 1.8 (μg/ml) | [8] |
50 | | C. papposa | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | n-Butanol | Not active | [8] |
51 | | C. patula | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | Ethyl acetate | 54.88 ± 1.11% | [70] |
52 | | C. patula | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | Chloroform | 56.11 ± 0.24% | [70] |
53 | | C. patula | α-Amylase inhibition | Aerial parts | Ethyl acetate | 31.70 ± 0.04% | [70] |
54 | | C. patula | α-Amylase inhibition | Aerial parts | Chloroform | 33.30 ± 0.04% | [70] |
55 | | C. pulchella | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | Ethyl acetate | 35.59 ± 0.58% | [70] |
56 | | C. pulchella | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | Chloroform | 60.31 ± 2.13% | [70] |
57 | | C. pulchella | α-Amylase inhibition | Aerial parts | Ethyl acetate | 21.54 ± 0.04% | [70] |
58 | | C. pulchella | α-Amylase inhibition | Aerial parts | Chloroform | 59.54 ± 0.59% | [70] |
59 | | C. saligna | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Leaves | Ethyl acetate | 23.80 ± 0.06 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [74] |
60 | | C. saligna | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Leaves | MeOH | 12.57 ± 1.97 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [74] |
61 | | C. saligna | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Leaves | Aqueous | 3.32 ± 0.40 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [74] |
62 | | C. saligna | α-Amylase inhibition | Leaves | Ethyl acetate | 0.80 ± 0.01 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [74] |
63 | | C. saligna | α-Amylase inhibition | Leaves | MeOH | 0.59 ± 0.01 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [74] |
64 | | C. saligna | α-Amylase inhibition | Leaves | Aqueous | 0.16 ± 0.01 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [74] |
65 | | C. tchihacheffii | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | Ethyl acetate | 58.23 ± 0.53% | [70] |
66 | | C. tchihacheffii | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | Chloroform | 53.45 ± 1.40% | [70] |
67 | | C. tchihacheffii | α-Amylase inhibition | Aerial parts | Ethyl acetate | 29.89 ± 1.01% | [70] |
68 | | C. tchihacheffii | α-Amylase inhibition | Aerial parts | Chloroform | 40.26 ± 0.29% | [70] |
69 | | C. triumfettii | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | Ethyl acetate | 69.88 ± 1.16% | [70] |
70 | | C. triumfettii | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | Chloroform | 41.12 ± 0.77% | [70] |
71 | | C. triumfettii | α-Amylase inhibition | Aerial parts | Ethyl acetate | 42.84 ± 0.34% | [70] |
72 | | C. triumfettii | α-Amylase inhibition | Aerial parts | Chloroform | 22.40 ± 0.17% | [70] |
73 | | C. triumfettii | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Stems | EtOH | 3.74 ± 0.05 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [14] |
74 | | C. triumfettii | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Stems | MeOH | 3.77 ± 0.05 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [14] |
75 | | C. triumfettii | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Stems | Ethyl acetate | 4.13 ± 0.04 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [14] |
76 | | C. triumfettii | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Flowers | EtOH | 2.27 ± 0.01 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [14] |
77 | | C. triumfettii | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Flowers | MeOH | 2.09 ± 0.03 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [14] |
78 | | C. triumfettii | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Flowers | Ethyl acetate | 1.42 ± 0.05 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [14] |
79 | | C. triumfettii | α-Amylase inhibition | Stems | EtOH | 137.39 ± 0.76 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [14] |
80 | | C. triumfettii | α-Amylase inhibition | Stems | MeOH | 127.57 ± 0.72 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [14] |
81 | | C. triumfettii | α-Amylase inhibition | Stems | Ethyl acetate | 165.47 ± 0.72 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [14] |
82 | | C. triumfettii | α-Amylase inhibition | Flowers | EtOH | 137.42 ± 0.75 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [14] |
83 | | C. triumfettii | α-Amylase inhibition | Flowers | MeOH | 114.06 ± 0.50 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [14] |
84 | | C. triumfettii | α-Amylase inhibition | Flowers | Ethyl acetate | 116.85 ± 0.85 (mmol ACAE/g extract) | [14] |
85 | | C. urvillei subsp. hayekiana | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | Ethyl acetate | 67.66 ± 0.05% | [70] |
86 | | C. urvillei subsp. hayekiana | α-Glucosidase inhibition | Aerial parts | Chloroform | 43.65 ± 0.39% | [70] |
87 | | C. urvillei subsp. hayekiana | α-Amylase inhibition | Aerial parts | Ethyl acetate | 43.20 ± 0.59% | [70] |
88 | | C. urvillei subsp. hayekiana | α-Amylase inhibition | Aerial parts | Chloroform | 17.53 ± 0.08% | [70] |
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89 | | C. alexanderina | Reduction of blood glucose level | Leaves | MeOH | | [75] |
90 | In vivo studies | C. aspera | It exhibited an important hypoglycemic effect by oral route and chronic administration in diabetic rats; the extract obtained by exhaustion with hot water showed an acute hypoglycemic activity in normal animals | Flowers | Aqueous | — | [76] |
91 | | C. bruguierana | The ethyl acetate extract resulted in the best reduction of blood glucose The aqueous extract resulted in the best reduction of PEPCK activity and increment in hepatic GP activity | Aerial fruiting parts | Aqueous, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol | — | [77] |
92 | | C. corubionensis | Consumption of aqueous extracts of leaves and flowers at the dose of 5 g/kg led to the reduction of blood glucose levels; aqueous extract of flowers (50 mg/ml) could increase insulin release from isolated islets of Langerhans | Leaves and flowers | Aqueous and EtOH | — | [78] |
93 | | C. horrida | Reduction in blood glucose level in chronic and acute condition Using the extract significantly improved peripheral nerve function of diabetic mice via hot plate and tail flick tests | Herb and roots | MeOH | — | [79] |
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