| | Entry | Centaurea spp. | Phytochemical constituents | References |
| | 1 | C. alexanderina | Sesquiterpene lactones and flavonoids (kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, rutin, apigenin 7-O-galacturonic acid methyl ester, apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucoside, astragalin, centaurein, vicenin, vitexin, isovitexin, kaempferol, apigenin, quercetin, jaceosidin, and nepetin) | [75, 104, 115, 116] |
| | 2 | C. aspera | Sesquiterpene lactones (dehydromelitensin, melitensin, isomelitensin, eudesmanolides, and dihydrostenophyllolide) and flavonoids (6-methoxyluteolin (nepetin), 6-methoxyacacetin (pectolinarigenin), 6-methoxyapigenin (hispidulin), and 6-methoxychrisoeriol (jaceosidin)). | [52, 116–118] |
| | 3 | C. bornmuelleri | Flavonoids (afzelin, astragalin, isorhamnetin, apigenin, quercetin, luteolin, and kaempferol), phenolic acids (caffeoylquinic acids and chlorogenic acid), sterol (stigmast-4-en-3gamma-ol), and lignans (arctiin, arctigenin, matairesinol, and matairesinoside) | [67, 92, 119] |
| | 4 | C. bruguierana | Sesquiterpene lactones (cnicin and dehydromelitensin-8-acetate) and flavonoids (kaempferol, rutin, quercetin, cirsimaritin, cirsilinelol, and eupatilin) | [77, 104, 112, 113, 120–123] |
| | 5 | C. calcitrapa | Sterols, sesquiterpene lactones and their closely related group of triterpenoids, lignans, flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin, scutellarein, chrysoeriol, nepetin, jaceosidin, eupatorin, kaempferol, kaempferide, jaceidin, and centaureidin), alkaloids (stizolphine and choline), and phenolic acids (derivatives of hydroxycinnamic acids: p-coumaric, ferulic, caffeic, and chlorogenic acid; derivatives of hydroxybenzoic acids: p-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, gallic, and gentisic acid) | [124–132] |
| | 6 | C. centaurium | Fatty acids (11, 14-eicosadienoic acid methyl ester, 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester, and 9-octadecenoic acid) and terpenes (cypirene, α-zingiberene, β-farnesene, β-santalene, β-bisabolene, β-himachalene, and azulene) | [69] |
| | 7 | C. corubionensis | Has not been fully characterized | |
| | 8 | C. depressa | Phenolic compounds, condensed tannins, flavonoids (luteolin, kaempferol, scutellarein 7-β-D-glucuronoside, scutellarein 5-β-D-glucuronoside, quercetin, isoquercitrin, quereimeritrin, and apigenin), monoterpenoid (piperitone), sesquiterpenoid (elemol), and sesquiterpene lactones (solstitialin A and acetyl solstitialin) | [70, 90, 92, 133–137] |
| | 9 | C. drabifolia | Flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones (belonging to the guaiane class; centaurea lactone, cynaropicrin, aguerin B, 8α-isovaleryloxyzaluzanin C, 8α-acetoxyzaluzanin C, and 4β,15-dihydro-3-dehydrosolstitialin A), and phenolic compounds (protocatechuic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-feruloylquinic acid, orientin, vitexin, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, patuletin-O-hexoside, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-rutinoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, isovitexin, apigenin, and hispidulin) | [138–142] |
| | 10 | C. fenzlii | Flavonoids (cirsiliol, isorhamnetin, hispidulin, and cirsimaritin) | [95] |
| | 11 | C. horrida | Flavonoids (horridin, apigenin, rutin, apigenin-3-Ο-glucuronide, kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide, apigenin-8-C-α-L-arabinoside, apigenin-6-C-α-L-arabinoside, apigenin-7-Ο-β-D-glucoside, apigenin6,8-di-C-β-D-glucoside, scutelarein-7-O-β-D-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-α-L- rhamnoside, vitexin, isovitexin, orientin, schaftoside, hispidulin, fisetin, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside, and quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactoside), lactones, phenolic acids, pentacyclic triterpenes, sterol glucoside, and Q acid derivatives | [104, 143–146] |
| | 12 | C. hypoleuca | Sesquiterpene lactones (centaurepensin, acroptillin, cynaropicrin, janerin, linichlorin, and repin) and phenolic compound (catechin and chlorogenic acid) | [72, 126, 147–150] |
| | 13 | C. karduchorum | Phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, apigenin, and luteolin glycosides) | [73, 150, 151] |
| | 14 | C. kotschyi | Sesquiterpene lactones (germacrene D, β-caryophyllene, β-cedrene, β-bisabolene, and bicyclogermacrene), phenolic compounds, and flavonoid (patuletin-7-O-glucoside) | [70, 116, 152, 153] |
| | 15 | C. papposa | Phenolic acids (quinic acid, malic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, salicylic acid, vanillic acid, coumarin, syringic acid, apigenin, and apigetrin), flavonoids, and terpenes | [8, 154, 155] |
| | 16 | C. patula | Phenolic compounds (protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, 5-feruloylquinic acid, orientin, vitexin, patuletin-O-hexoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, isovitexin, quercetin, apigenin, hispidulin, and luteolin), sesquiterpenes (spathulenol), and diterpene alcohol (phytol) | [141, 156] |
| | 17 | C. pulchella | Phenolics content, condensed tannins, and fatty acid (linoleic acid, α-linoleic acid, and palmitic acid) | [70] |
| | 18 | C. saligna | Flavonoids (rutin, hesperidin, quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, and apigenin) and phenolic compounds (rosmarinic acid and p-coumaric acid) | [74] |
| | 19 | C. tchihacheffii | Phenolic compounds | [70] |
| | 20 | C. triumfettii | Phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and caffeic acid) | [14, 150] |
| | 21 | C. urvillei | Flavonoids (naringenin-7-O-β-D glucuronopyranoside, 6-hydroxykaempferol-7-O-β-D glucuronopyranoside, hispidulin-7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside, apigenin-7-O-β-D-methylglucuronopyranoside, hispidulin-7-O-β-D-methylglucuronopyranoside, hispidulin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol, apigenin, luteolin, eriodictyol-7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside, arbutin, salidroside, and 3,5-dihydroxyphenethyl alcohol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside) | [70, 92, 157] |
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