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Types of TCM | Role form | Component analysis method | Main ingredients | Dose | Life expectancy increased | Key genes | Pathways | References |
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Clove | Essential oil | Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) | Aryophyllene; phenol; 2-methoxyl-3-(2-propenyl) | 1 mg/ml | 15.3% | daf-16; sod-3; gst-4; cep-1 | Antioxidant pathway; insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway (IIS); apoptosis pathway | [27] |
Coix seed | Essential oil | GC–MS | Linoleic acid; oleic acid; palmitic acid | 1mg/ml | 22.79% | mev-1; hsf-1; daf-16 | Antioxidant pathway | [28] |
Lonicera japonica | Crude extractions | High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) | Chlorogenic acid; 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid; 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid | 500 μg/ml | 21.87% | mev-1; hsf-1; daf-16; daf-2; sod-3 | Antioxidant pathway; IIS | [29] |
Glycyrrhizae radix | Crude extractions | Reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) | Liquiritin; isoliquiritin; glycyrrhizic acid | 0.24 g/ml | — | daf-16; daf-18; pdk-1 | IIS | [30] |
Gengnianchun | Aqueous extract | — | — | 3.94 mg/ml | 31.3% | age-1; daf-16 | IIS | [31] |
Rehmannia glutinosa | Neutral Polysaccharides | UPLC analysis; FR-IR spectrum | Galactose, glucose, and arabinose | — | — | sod-3; daf-16; daf-2 | Antioxidant pathway; IIS | [32] |
Lycium barbarum | Neutral Polysaccharides | Phenol-sulfuric acid method; HPLC-GPC; FR-IR spectrum; GC-MS | Mannose, glucose, and galactose | 300 μg/ml | 20.72% | daf-16; daf-2; daf-12; sir-2.1 | IIS | [33] |
Juniper berry (Juniperus communis L.) | Essential oil | GC-MS | α-pinene; limonene | 10 ppm | 18.5% | sod-3; gst-4: daf-16; skn-1 | Antioxidant pathway; IIS | [34] |
Zanthoxyllum aramatum | Natural flavonol; tambulin | — | — | 50 μM | 16.79% | sod-1; sod-3; stl-2; daf-16 | Antioxidant pathway; IIS | [35] |
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. | | — | — | 1mg/ml | 24% | daf-16; skn-1 | — | [36] |
Polygonum multiflorum | Aqueous extract | — | — | 1000 μg/ml | 18.6% | daf-16; sir-2.1 | IIS | [37] |
Ganoderma lucidum | Aqueous extract | — | — | 7.5 mg/ml | — | eat-2; rsks-1 | mTor/s6k pathway; dietary restriction pathway | [38] |
Astragalus membranaceus | Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) | — | — | — | 27.8% | sod-3; sod-4; sod-5; daf-16 | Antioxidant pathway; IIS | [39] |
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