On Mindfulness Training for Promoting Mental Toughness of Female College Students in Endurance Exercise

Table 4

Paired t-test and covariance analysis of the pre- and posttest scores of Mental Toughness in the mindfulness group and the control group (Mean ± SD.).

	Mindfulness intervention group (n = 33)				Control group (n = 34)			-value	ANCOVA
	Pre-test	Post-test	T		Pre-test	Post-test	T		F		Partial
Tenacity	42.60 ± 7.68	46.50 ± 5.93	−3.135	0.004	42.27 ± 7.35	42.80 ± 6.02	−1.262	0.217	11.133	0.001	0.163
Strength	26.50 ± 4.32	30.40 ± 3.75	−4.765	≤0.001	27.53 ± 4.22	28.20 ± 3.71	−1.455	0.156	12.101	0.001	0.175
Optimism	12.87 ± 2.51	15.00 ± 2.34	−4.922	≤0.001	13.63 ± 2.17	13.77 ± 2.22	−0.724	0.475	16.053	≤0.001	0.220

Tenacity: Describing an individual’s equanimity, promptness, perseverance, and sense of control when facing situations of hardship and challenge. Strength: Focusing on the individual’s capacity of recovering and becoming strong after set back and past experiences. Optimism: Reflecting the individual’s tendency of looking on the positive sides of things and trusting one’s personal and social resources, measuring one’s confidence in resisting adverse events.