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| Diseases | PCA/PAL dosages | Model used | Oxidative stress mechanisms | References |
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| Neurodegenerative diseases | PCA (5 mg/kg/day, i.p.) | Male SD rats | Downregulation of lipid peroxidation and upregulation of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity | [118] |
| PD | PAL mice (7.5, 15, and 30 mg/kg/12 h p.o.) and rats (20 and 40 mg/kg/12 h, p.o.) | MPTP-induced PD in mice and 6-OHDA-induced SD rats | Induction of DJ-1 and reduction of a-synuclein expression | [100] |
| PD | PCA (10 and 20 mg/kg/day, i.p.) | MPTP-intoxicated mice | Mitigation of oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction through PLK2/p-GSK3β/Nrf2 pathway | [101] |
| PD | PCA (6, 12, and 25 μM) | 6-OHDA-induced PD zebrafish | Downregulation of lipid peroxidation and induction of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH) activity | [102] |
| Cerebral ischemic | PCA (200 mg/kg/day, i.p.) | Cerebral ischemic rats | Suppression of MDA formation and induction of endogenous antioxidant (SOD, CAT, and GSH) activity | [117] |
| Depression | PCA (100 and 200 mg/kg/day, p.o.) | OBX induced depressive-like behavior in Wistar rat model | Induction of BDNF, 5-HT, DA, and NE and suppression of MDA, IL-6, and TNF-α | [121] |
| Depression | PCA (100 and 200 mg/kg/day, p.o.) | ARS-induced depressive-like behavior in Swiss albino mice | Induction of antioxidant marker levels/activities | [106] |
| I/R injury | PAL (40 mg/kg/day, i.v.) | Middle cerebral artery occlusion- (MCAO-) induced I/R injury in SD rats | Activation of PKCε/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway | [104] |
| Diabetes | PCA (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day, p.o.) | STZ-diabetic rats | Induction of antihyperglycemic effect | [128] |
| Diabetes | PCA (50 and 100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) | T1DM adult male SD rats | Inhibition of brain oxidative stress by improving brain mitochondrial function in T1DM rats | [91] |
| Diabetes | PCA (50 and 100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) | DC-treated Wistar rats | Induction of antioxidant, hypoglycemic, insulin-sensitizing, and anti-inflammatory effects | [7] |
| Diabetes | PCA (50 mg/kg/day, p.o.) | STZ-diabetic rats | Induction of endogenous antioxidant, suppression of lipid peroxidation, inflammation, caspase-3, and acetylcholinesterase activities | [107] |
| CVD | PCA (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day, p.o.) | Glucocorticoid-induced hypertension in rats | Suppression of plasma H2O2 concentration and induction of FRAP values | [140] |
| CVD | PCA (200 mg/kg/day, p.o.) | Male aging spontaneously hypertensive rats | Induction of insulin and IGF-1 in aging hypertension by PI3K-NOS-NO signaling | [139] |
| CVD | PCA (100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) | TCDD-induced cardiotoxicity in male SD rats | Suppression of oxidative stress | [136] |
| CVD | PCA (50 and 100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) | Dex-induced hypertensive male Wistar rats | Induction of eNOS and suppression of NOX4 expression | [132] |
| CVD | PCA (100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) | HFD-fed male C57BL/6J mice | Suppression of Ac-CoA or Sirt1 and Sirt3 activation through CD36/AMPK signaling | [146] |
| CVD | PAL (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg/day, i.g.) | Isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy in SD rats | Inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 signaling | [141] |
| CVD | PAL (100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) | Common Carotid Balloon injury SD rats | Reduction of ROS activity and inflammation, increase of cAMP and GPER-1, increased CD31 and GPER-1, and decreased VCAM-1 and CD40 expression | [143] |
| Myocardial fibrosis | PAL (30 mg/kg/day, i.p.), PCA (30 mg/kg/day, i.p.) | Isoprenaline- (ISO-) treated C57BL/6 mice | Modulation of collagen conformational dynamics | [142] |
| Ischemic injury | PCA (4 mg/kg, i.p.) | I/R injury SD rats | Elevation of GSH levels and reduction of ROS | [148] |
| Obesity | PCA (100 μM) | Visceral adipose tissue from female obese individuals | Suppression of PTP1B activity | [8] |
| NAFLD | PCA, rats (10 and 20 mg/kg/day), mice (30 mg/kg/day) | HFD-fed male SD rats, C57BL/6 mice, and SIRT3−/− mice | Suppression of NAFLD through the SIRT3/ACSF3 signaling | [150] |
| Liver injury | PCA (0.45, 0.9, and 1.8 mg/kg/day, i.p.) | Cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in mice | Suppression of cisplatin-induced death through inhibition of Nox4 | [164] |
| Liver injury | PCA (50 and 100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) | t-BHP-treated male SD rats | Induction of antioxidant enzymatic activities and suppression of stress signal transduction | [88] |
| Liver injury | PCA (10 and 20 mg/kg/day, p.o.) | ALD male SD rat model | Induction of miR-219a-5p expression and suppression of p66shc-mediated ROS formation | [149] |
| Liver injury | PCA (100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) | D-GalN-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino Wistar rats | Induction of antihyperlipidemic activity and DNA damage protection | [152] |
| Liver and kidney injury | PCA (10 and 20 mg/kg/day, p.o.) | Cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats | Suppression of lipid peroxidation and elevation of kidney parameters and liver marker enzymes | [153] |
| Kidney injury | PCA (10 and 20 mg/kg/day, i.p.) | DOX-treated Wistar rats | Reversion of kidney antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD, GPx, GSH, and GST levels | [166] |
| Aging | PCA (100 and 200 μM) | Age-synchronized N2 Caenorhabditis elegans | Inhibition of intracellular ROS level and antioxidant enzyme activities of nematodes | [120] |
| Reproductive damage | PCA (10 and 40 mg/kg/day, p.o.) | Testosterone propionate- (TP-) induced BPH castrated albino Wistar rat | Reduction of MPO activity, MDA, and NO level | [168] |
| Sepsis | PAL (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, injection into the tail vein) | CLP-induced sepsis in male Sprague-Dawley rats | Suppression of HMGB1 and NF-κB signaling | [14] |
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