Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae) Alleviates Working Memory Impairment and Restores Neurochemical Alterations in the Prefrontal Cortex of D-Galactose-Treated Rats

Figure 6

Effect of Z. jujuba extract on some proinflammatory cytokines. (a) IL-β level, (b) TNF-α level, (c) IL-6 level, and (d) INF-γ level. Each value represents the mean ± SEM; n = 5; : significant difference compared to the normal group; : significant difference compared to D-galactose group; DW: distilled water; Gal: D-galactose; ASP: aspirin; TA: tacrine; ZJ: Ziziphus jujuba; Normal: normal group only treated with distilled water; D-galactose: negative control group treated with D-galactose and distilled water; Gal + TA: positive control group treated with D-galactose and tacrine (10 mg/kg); Gal + ASP: positive control treated with D-galactose and aspirin (20 mg/kg); Gal + ZJ (41.5, 83, and 166): test groups treated with D-galactose and the aqueous extract of Z. jujuba at the respective doses of 41.5, 83, and 166 mg/kg; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-β, interleukin beta; IL-6: interleukin 6; INF-γ, interferon-gamma.

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