[Retracted] A Review of the Phytochemistry, Ethnobotany, Toxicology, and Pharmacological Potentials of Crescentia cujete L. (Bignoniaceae)

Table 1

Evidence of traditional uses of Crescentia cujete across cultures.

S/N	Part(s) used	Local names	Medicinal uses	Tribe/country of use	References
1	Fruit	Maja or bila	Soaked in water and used as pesticide	Indonesia	[11]
2	Fruit	Cujuba, Cuieira, Cabaça	Unripe pulp for respiratory ailments (asthma) and ripe one for inducing abortion	Brazil	[1, 29]
3	Fruit, leaves, and bark	Labu kayu	Usually boiled in water or alcohol for diseases management	Malaysia	[10]
4	Leaves	NS	High blood pressure	Trinidad and Tobago	[12]
5	Leaves and fruits	Jicaro	Internal abscesses, respiratory diseases, and for inducing child birth	Mexico (Yucatan and Antilles)	[23]
6	Fruit	Toyumo	Unripe one is used for curing patients bitten by snake	Colombia	[24]
7	Fruit	Miracle fruit	Inflammation, diarrhoea, and hypertension	Philippines	[13]
8	Whole plant	Totumo	The decoction made from it is used against flu	Bolivia	[26]
9	Whole plant	Güira	The plant in various formulations is used for cold and catarrh, asthma, stomach troubles, intestinal parasites, and female infertility problems	Cuba	[27]
10	Whole plant	Boan-gota	Cancer, pneumonia, snakebite, itching, pneumonia, abortifacient, virility, and alopecia	Bangladesh	[6]
11	Whole plant	NS	Diabetes	Cote-d’Ivoire	[28]
12	Fruit	Dao Tien	Used dried as expectorant, antitussive, stomach, and laxative	Vietnam	[30, 31]
13	Leaf	Higueron	Curing belly button following birth	Peru	[5]
14	Bark	Cujuba, Cuieira, Cabaça	Decoctions made from it are used for wound healing and diarrhoea	Brazil	[1]
	Leaves		Used as a poultice for headaches, treatment of hematomas, and tumours as well as diuretics
15	Stembark, and fruit pulp	Osisi mkpo or Oba, Igi igba, Uko, Ugbuba, Gumbusi mboro	Antitussive	Nigeria	[32]

NS: not stated.