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Authors/published year | Included studies in meta-analysis (n) | Type of included studies in meta-analysis | Total sample size (n) | Participants’ characteristics | Type and dose of intervention | Duration of interventions (weeks) | Main outcomes | Risk of bias assessment | Reported side effects | AMSTAR score |
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Hadi et al., 2020 | 3 (all in Iran) | RCTs | 180 (intervention: UN, control: UN) | Women with PCOS ≥18 y | Different species of probiotic supplements (109 CFU/day) | 12 | −Sig. ↓weight: −1.3 kg (95% CI: −1.93, −0.13) | Yes | No side effects | 7 |
−Sig. ↓BMI; −0.36 kg/m2 (95% CI: −0.74, 0.02) |
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Company et al., 2020 | 17 (11 in Asian countries, 6 in European countries, 1 in Brazil) | DBRCTs | 1,106 (intervention: 486, placebo: 62) | Cardio-metabolic disease subjects with obesity, adults ≥18 y, both sexes | Multiple and single species of probiotic supplements within powder and capsule (108–1011 CFU/day) | 4–12 | −sig. ↓BW: −0.26 kg (95% CI: −0.43, −0.09) | Yes | No side effects | 11 |
−sig. ↓BMI: −0.35 kg/m2 (95% CI: −0.48, −0.22) |
−sig. ↓WC: −0.37 cm (95% CI: −0.52, −0.21) |
−sig. ↓BFM: −0.30 kg (95% CI: −0.48, −0.12) |
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Cao et al., 2020 | 31 (22 in Asian countries, 6 in European countries, 3 in Brazil) | RCTs | 2051 (intervention: UN, control: UN) | Obese and overweight adults ≥18 y, both sexes | Probiotic foods and supplements and dairy product (108–1011 CFU/day) | 3–12 | −sig. ↓BMI: −0.25 kg/m2 (95% CI: −0.33, −0.17) | Yes | No side effects | 9 |
−sig. ↓WC: −0.99 cm (95% CI: −1.33, −0.66) |
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Xiao M et al., 2019 | 12 (9 in Asian countries, 3 in European countries) | DBRCTs | 693 (intervention: UN, control: UN) | Adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, both sexes | Different species of probiotic supplements (UN amounts) | 8–24 | −sig. ↓BMI: −1.46 kg/m2 (95% CI: −2.44, −0.48) | Yes | No serious side effects | 10 |
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Wang et al., 2019 | 12 (9 in Asian countries, 2 in European countries, 1 in Brazil) | DBRCTs, SBRCTs | 821 (intervention: 405, control: 416) | Adults with BMI ≥25 and ≥18 y, both sexes | Multiple and single species of probiotic supplements (107–1011 CFU/day) | 8–26 | −sig. ↓BW: −0.55 kg (95% CI: −0.91, −0.19) | Yes | No side effects | 9 |
−sig. ↓BMI: − 0.30 kg/m2 (95% CI: −0.43, −0.18) |
−sig. ↓WC: −1.20 cm (95%CI: −2.21, −0.19) |
−sig. ↓BFM: −0.91 kg (95% CI: −1.19, −0.63) |
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Tang et al., 2019 | 12 (7 in Asian countries, 4 in European countries, 1 in Brazil) | DBRCTs | 805 (intervention: 407, control 398) | Adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, both sexes | Multiple and single species of probiotic supplements (varied amounts) | 8–24 | −sig. ↓BW: −2.31 kg (95% CI: −4.45, −0.16) sig. ↓BMI: −1.08 kg/m2 (95% CI: −2.05, −0.11) | Yes | No side effects | 10 |
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Tabrizi et al., 2019 | 7 (all in Iran) | RCTs | 415 (intervention: 212, control: 213) | Women with PCOS ≥18 y | Probiotic capsule supplements (108–1010 CFU/day) | 8–12 | −sig. ↓BW: −0.30 kg (95% CI: −0.53, −0.07) | Yes | No side effects | 9 |
−sig. ↓BMI: −0.29 kg/m2 (95% CI: −0.54, −0.03) |
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Liu et al., 2019 | 4 (2 in Iran, 2 in European countries) | RCTs | 218 (intervention: 110, control: 108) | Adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ≥18 y, both sexes | Different species of probiotic supplement (varied amounts) | 8–12 | No significant effect on BMI or WC | Yes | Rare and mild reverse reactions | 9 |
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Koutinkova et al., 2019 | 68 (26 in Iran) | RCTs, COTs | 4015 (intervention: UN, control: UN) | Overweight/obese/normal weight adults, both sexes | Multiple and single species of probiotic products (varied amounts) | 2–28 | −sig. ↓BW: −0.39 kg (95% CI: −0.57, −0.21) | Yes | No side effects | 11 |
−sig. BMI: −0.33 kg/m2 (95% CI: −0.53, −0.12) |
−sig. WC: −1.01 cm (95% CI: −1.55, −0.48) |
−sig. BFM: −0.62 kg (95% CI: −0.91, −0.34) |
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Dong et al., 2019 | 6 (UN countries) | DBRCTs | 476 (intervention: UN, control: UN) | Adults with BMI ≥25 and ≥18 y, both sexes | Probiotic capsules and probiotic dairy products (106–1011 CFU/day) | 8–24 | No significant effect on BMI or BFM | Yes | No side effects | 11 |
−sig. ↓WC: −0.35 cm (95% CI: −0.81, 0.11) |
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John et al., 2018 | 18 (15 in Asian countries, 1 in Finland, 1 in Brazil, 1 in Canada) | RCTs | 803 (intervention: 443, control: 360 | Adults ≥18 y with BMI ≥25, both sexes | Multiple and single species of probiotic food or supplements (107–1011 CFU/day) | 4–24 | −sig. ↓BW: −0.65 kg (95% CI: −1.12, −0.18) | Yes | No side effects | 10 |
−sig. ↓BMI: −0.33 kg/m2 (95% CI: −0.47, −0.18) |
−sig. ↓BFM: −0.94 kg (95% CI: −1.17, −0.72) |
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Borgeraas et al., 2018 | 13 (10 in Asian countries, 1 in European countries, 2 in the US) | DBRCTs, SBRCTs | 737 (intervention: 369, control: 368) | Overweight or obese adults ≥18 y | Probiotic dairy products and supplements (109–1011 CFU/day) | 3–12 | −sig. ↓BW: −0.6 kg (95% CI: −1.19, −0.01) | Yes | No side effects | 11 |
−sig. ↓BMI: −0.27 kg/m2 (95% CI: −0.45, −0.08) |
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Dror et al., 2017 | 15 (7 in Asian countries, 4 in European countries, 2 in Canada, 2 in the US) | RCTs | 921 (intervention: 468, control: 453) | Normal or obese or overweight adults ≥18 y | Different species of probiotic dairy and supplements (107–108 CFU/day) | 8–12 | −sig. ↓BW: −0.43 kg (95% CI: −0.67, −0.2) | Yes | No side effects | 9 |
−sig. ↓BMI: −0.43 kg/m2 (95% CI: −0.54, −0.33) |
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Lavekar et al., 2017 | 3 (2 in European countries, 1 in Asian countries) | DBRCTs | 157 (intervention: 79, control: 78) | Adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | Multiple and single probiotic species (varied amounts) | 12–24 | −sig. ↓BMI: −1.45 kg/m2 (95% CI: −3.06, 0.16) | Yes | No serious side effects | 6 |
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Zhang et al., 2016 | 25 (UN countries) | DBRCTs, RCTs | 1931 (intervention: 977, control: 954) | Adults ≥18 y, both sexes | Multiple and single species of probiotic supplements (varied amounts) | 3–24 | −sig. ↓BW: −0.59 kg (95% CI: −0.87, −0.30) | Yes | No side effects | 10 |
−sig. ↓BMI: −0.49 kg/m2 (95% CI: −0.74, −0.24) |
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Gao et al., 2016 | 6 (4 in Asian countries, 2 in European countries) | RCTs | 205 (intervention: 115, control: 90) | Adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, both sexes | Multiple and single species of probiotic sources (NA) | 12–24 | No significant effect on BMI | Yes | Few side effects | 10 |
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Sun et al., 2015 | 5 (1 in Korea, 1 in Japan, 1 in Iran) | DBRCTs | NA | Obese adults ≥18 y, both sexes | Different species of probiotic capsules and probiotic fermented milk (107–1010 CFU/day) | 8–12 | −sig. ↓BMI: −0.526 kg/m2 (95% CI: −0.810, −0.247) | Yes | No side effects | 11 |
−sig ↓WC: −2.11 cm (95% CI: −3.543, −0.677) |
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Park et al., 2015 | 9 (NA) | RCTs | 689 (intervention: UN, control: UN) | Obese and overweight adults ≥18 y, both sexes | Probiotic supplements and dairy products (106–1010 CFU/day) | 3–24 | No significant effect on BW or BMI | Yes | No serious side effects | 9 |
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Ma et al., 2013 | 4 (1 in Hong Kong, 1 in Spain, 1 in Italy, 1 in the US) | DBRCTs | 134 (intervention: 68, control: 66) | Nonalcoholic patients, both sexes | Multiple and single species of probiotic sources (NA amounts) | 8–24 | No significant effect on BMI | Yes | No side effects | 8 |
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Million et al., 2012 | 5 (UN countries) | DBRCTs | 319 (intervention: 257, control: 162) | Lean and obese adults ≥18 y, both sexes | Multiple and single species of probiotic sources (107–1010 CFU/day) | 4–24 | No significant effect on BW | Yes | Weight gain in usage of L. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii, L. plantarum | 10 |
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