Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Research Article

The Efficacy of Plantago major Seed on Liver Enzymes in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial

Table 2

Comparing biochemical parameters and NAFLD grades at the baseline and after 12 weeks in P. major and placebo group.


Variables	Group	Baseline	value¹	After 12 weeks	value	Percent change	value¹

ALT (IU/L)	P. major	79.87 ± 36.19	0.068	47.32 ± 21.77	0.474	35.94 ± 22.82	0.042
	Placebo	66.37 ± 25.54		50.03 ± 21.19		19.53 ± 28.72

AST (IU/L)	P. major	43.77 ± 17.24	0.106	28.29 ± 10.49	0.39	29.59 ± 24.31	0.004
	Placebo	37.93 ± 16.80		32.03 ± 13.30		12.09 ± 19.97

FBS (mg/dl)	P. major	99.0 ± 12.02	0.429	103.93 ± 14.41	0.079	−5.48 ± 12.85	0.67
	Placebo	100.43 ± 25.8		103.62 ± 41.95		−2.59 ± 15.23

Cholesterol (mg/dl)	P. major	190.83 ± 42.72	0.559	183.12 ± 42.86	0.726	3.27 ± 15.05	0.157
	Placebo	189.65 ± 35.49		185.68 ± 33.84		1.60 ± 7.65

TG (mg/dl)	P. major	230.03 ± 108.02	0.063	200.93 ± 106.74	0.929	6.81 ± 36.45	0.001
	Placebo	181.31 ± 77.33		183.75 ± 73.96		−5.07 ± 23.97

HDL (mg/dl)	P. major	40.19 ± 7.11	0.029	42.67 ± 6.71	0.05	−7.73 ± 17.04	0.433
	Placebo	36.12 ± 4.03		39.37 ± 5.03		−9.46 ± 12.74

LDL (mg/dl)	P. major	104.90 ± 32.55	0.036	106.41 ± 33.24	0.466	−4.79 ± 33.39	0.326
	Placebo	114.03 ± 26.68		108.62 ± 25.72		4.27 ± 8.56

Platelet	P. major	218.03 ± 63.50	0.038	213.09 ± 64.81	0.018	1.15 ± 14.23	0.773
	Placebo	247.30 ± 73.20		244.28 ± 76.66		−0.84 ± 17.62

Urine S. G	P. major	1020.60 ± 5.19	0.577	1021.40 ± 5.08	0.827	−0.07 ± 0.51	0.607
	Placebo	1021.21 ± 6.90		1021.87 ± 7.80		−0.06 ± 0.44

Ultrasound grade n (%)	P. major/placebo	31/32	0.572²	31/32
	Grade 0	0/0		3 (9.6)/0	0.038²
	Grade 1	9 (29.1)/7 (21.9)		17 (54.8)/8 (25)
	Grade 2	22 (70.9)/25 (78.1)		11 (35.5)/23 (71.9)
	Grade 3	0/0		0/1 (3.1)

¹Mann–Whitney U test; ²Pearson chi-square. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; FBS, fasting blood sugar; CHOL, cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SG, specific gravity of urine; negative sign, increase.