A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Tai Chi on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Middle-Aged and Elderly Diabetic Patients: Evidence from Randomized Controlled Trials

Table 2

Characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis.

References	F/M	Sample size (attrition rate)	Population	Course of disease	Duration (week)	Time (min)	Frequency (weekly)	Motion intensity	Intervention program	Outcome measured
Wu et al. [21], China, 2010	25/15	40 (0%)	M	EG: 1.35 (0.62) CG: 1.36 (0.7)	24	60	3	Moderate	EG : TC (Yang style) + DT CG : DT	FBG and HbA1c
Li et al. [22], China, 2015	NR	100 (0%)	E	EG: 7.83 (2.16) CG: 8.14 (3.19)	24	40–50	7	NR	EG : TC (Chen style) CG : AE	FBG, HbA1c, TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C
Li Qi et al. [23], China, 2013	NR	108 (19.4%)	M + E	EG: 6.95 (3.63) CG: 7.22 (4.14)	12	30	7	NR	EG : TC (Yang style) + DT CG : DT	FBG, HbA1c, TC, and HDL-C
Wang et al. [24], China, 2009	24/30	54 (0%)	M	EG: 1.35 (0.62) CG: 1.36 (0.7)	24	30–50	5	Moderate	EG : TC (Yang style) CG : AE	FBG, HbA1c, TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C
Xiao et al. [25], China, 2010	10/14	24 (0%)	M	NR	24	60	6	Moderate	EG : TC (Yang style) + DT CG : DT	FBG
Zhao et al. [26], China, 2017	0/16	16 (11%)	M	NR	16	60	7	Moderate	EG : TC (Chen style) + DT CG : DT	FBG, TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C
Zhang et al. [27], China, 2008	20/0	20 (5%)	M + E	NR	14	60	5	Low	EG : TC (Yang style) + DT CG : CE + DT	FBG, TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C
Lam et al. [28], Australia, 2008	29/24	53 (17%)	M + E	NR	24	60	1	NR	EG : TC (other types) CG : CE	HbA1c, TC, and TG
Tracey et al. [29], Australia, 2008	30/8	38 (2.6%)	E	NR	16	60	2	Low	EG : TC (other types) CG : MM	HbA1c
Chen et al. [30], China, 2010	59/45	104 (9%)	M + E	EG: 7.8 (3.1) CG: 8.5 (3.5)	12	60	3	NR	EG : TC (Chen style) + DT CG : AE + DT	FBG, HbA1c, TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C
Li et al. [31], China, 2013	24/36	60 (0%)	M + E	NR	8	45	7	Moderate	EG : TC (other types) + UC CG : UC	FBG
Zhang et al. [32], China, 2014	31/9	40 (0%)	M + E	NR	14	60	3	Moderate	EG : TC (Yang style) CG : AE	FBG and HbA1c
Kan et al. [33], China, 2004	23/25	48 (0%)	M	NR	12	60	7	NR	EG : TC (Yang style) CG : AE	FBG, TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C
Zhu et al. [34], China, 2017	10/10	20 (0%)	M + E	EG: 5.15 (2.53) CG: 5.30 (2.65)	12	60	5	Moderate	EG : TC (Chen style) CG : UC	FBG, HbA1c, TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C

Note. EG = exercise group; CG = control group; NR = not reported; outcome measured (FBG = fasting blood glucose; HbA1c = glycosylated hemoglobin; TC = total cholesterol; TG = triglyceride; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; and LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol); intervention program (TC = Tai Chi; DT = drug therapy; UC = usual care; AE = aerobic exercise; MM = mixed movement; and CE = conventional exercise); and population type (M = middle-aged; E = elderly).