Development of an Innovative Berberine Food-Grade Formulation with an Ameliorated Absorption: In Vitro Evidence Confirmed by Healthy Human Volunteers Pharmacokinetic Study

Table 3

Pharmacokinetic parameters.

Parameters	A	B	C
Free berberine
AUClast (pg/mL^∗h)	1057 ± 117	2544 ± 332	4146 ± 431
Cmax (pg/mL)	69.95 ± 14.54	199.87 ± 26.97	375.57 ± 41.56^∗^§
Tmax (h)	4.55 ± 0.29	3.15 ± 0.30	4.50 ± 0.30
MRT (h)	12.13 ± 0.19	9.16 ± 0.17	9.53 ± 0.26
Total berberine
AUClast (pg/mL^∗h)	1217 ± 129	4952 ± 647	8212 ± 893^∗^§
Cmax (pg/mL)	76.70 ± 14.04	316.88 ± 26.60	572.14 ± 64.26^∗^§
Tmax (h)	3.59 ± 0.34	2.13 ± 0.33	3.10 ± 0.34
MRT(h)	NC	NC	NC

Results are expressed as mean ± S.E.M.; NC: not calculable. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test. versus A, versus B, and versus C. Formulations: A: berberine chloride alone 500 mg (equivalent to 452 mg of berberine); B: BBR-PP 550 mg (equivalent to 188 mg of berberine) one film-coated tablet; C: BBR-PP 550 mg (equivalent to 188 mg berberine) two film-coated tablets. Twelve healthy volunteers of both sexes with a mean age of 29 ± 7.72 and a mean BMI of 23.09 ± 1.27 were enrolled.