|
| Compound | Source | Cell/animal model | Effect | Ref |
|
| Biochanin A | Trifolium pratense | Chondrocytes of male SD rats/chondrocytes of Zealand rabbits induced by IL-1β/Zealand rabbits induced by ACLT | Inhibit expression of iNOS2, PGE2, and COX- 2, downregulate the expression of MMPs, and upregulate the expression of TIMP-1 | [37,70] |
| Baicalin | Astragalus membranaceus | Human OA chondrocytes/male C57BL/6 mice OA surgery/male SD rats induced by H2O2 | Reduce the production of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, NO, and PGE2, downregulate gene expression of MDA and upregulate gene expression of SOD, and downregulate the expression of MMP-3, MMP-13, and ADAMTS-5 | [38,53,66] |
| Kaempferol, apigenin | Kaempferia galanga, Apium graveolens | Male SD rats induced by ACLT | Decrease the levels of MMP-13, MMP-3, TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, and MDA and increase the gene expression levels of SOD, collagen IIa1, aggrecan, and SOX9 genes | [54] |
| Isorhamnetin | Hippophae rhamnoides Linn | Chondrocytes of male C57BL/6J mice/male C57BL/6J mice induced by ACLT | Inhibited MAPK, NF‐κB, and AKT signaling pathways | [55] |
| Hesperidin | Citrus limon and Mandarin orange | Chondrocytes of male SD rats/male SD rats with medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus removed | Decrease the formation of MDA and intracellular ROS, inhibit the Col2a1, aggrecan, and SOX9 gene expression, and increase the gene expression of caspase-3, IL-1β, TNFα, iNOS, and MMP-13. | [56] |
| Quercetin | Bupleurum, folium Mori, Sophora japonica, Crataegus pinnatifida | Chondrocytes of male SD rat induced by MNX/New Zealand rabbits induced by Hulth/male SD rats | Attenuate ROS generation and augment the glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) expression levels, enhance mitochondrial membrane potential, oxygen consumption, (ATP) levels in mitochondria, but also increase the mitochondrial copy number. Suppress accumulation of NO, MMP-3, and MMP-13 | [63–65] |
| Monotropein | Pyrola incarnata, Morinda officinalis | Kunming rats induced by Hulth | Decrease expressions of MMP-3 and MMP-13 and increase the expression of COL2A1 | [67] |
| Bavachin | Psoralea corylifolia | Chondrocytes of SD rats | Upregulate gene induction of both aggrecan and collagen type II, major extracellular matrix components, inhibit the expression of iNOS, and downregulate the expression of NO, COX-2, and PGE2 | [70] |
| Rutin | Flos Sophorae | Chondrocytes of male SD rats induced by H2O2 | Activate SIRT1 and block NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway | [89] |
| Astragaloside IV | Scutellaria baicalensis | Human OA chondrocytes | Increase the protein expression of LC3-II/I and decrease P62/SQSTM1 expression | [90] |
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