Research Progress on the Antiosteoarthritic Mechanism of Action of Natural Products

Table 6

Natural products of saponins with antiosteoarthritis function.

Compound	Source	Cell/animal model	Effect	Ref
Astragaloside	Astragalus membranaceus	Chondrocytes of OA patient	Inhibit IL-1b-induced production of inflammatory factors, including IL-6, TNF-a, NO, and PGE2, expression of MMP-13 and ADAMTS-5, and the activation of NF-κB signaling and ameliorate the degeneration of cartilage	[42]
Hederacoside-C	The leaves of Hedera helix	Chondrocytes of male C57BL/6J mice	Reduce AGE-induced increased levels of ROS and suppress NF-κB signaling pathway	[58]
Pinocembrin	Heartwood of Pinus and Cerasus pseudocerasus	Human OA chondrocytes	Downregulate the expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 and inhibit TNF-a-induced phosphorylation and degradation of the NF-κB inhibitor IκBα	[68]
Icariin	Epimedium brevicornu Maxim	SW1353 chondrosarcoma cells induced by IL-1β/SD rats induced by ACLT	Downregulate the expression of MMP-13, reduce levels of phosphorylated p38, phosphorylated JNK, and β-catenin	[71]
Gentiopicroside	Gentiana scabra Bunge	Chondrocytes of male SD rats induced by IL-1β	Downregulate the expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 and inhibit transduction of p38, ERK, and JNK	[72]
Ginsenoside Rg1	Panax ginseng	Human OA chondrocytes/male SD rats induced by ACLT	Inhibit IL-1β-induced chondrocyte gene and protein expressions of MMP-13, COX-2, and PGE2 and prevent type II collagen and aggrecan degradation, attenuated cartilage degeneration, and reduced type II collagen loss	[73]
Gypenoside	Gynostemma pentaphyllum	Human OA chondrocytes induced by IL-1β	Reduce MMP-3 inhibited IL-1β-induced NO and PGE2 production and MMP-13 expression and suppress NF-κβ activation	[74]
Tenuigenin	Polygala tenuifolia	Human OA chondrocytes induced by IL-1β	Inhibit IL-1β-induced NO and PGE2 production, suppress MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 expression, and inhibit IL-1β-induced NF-κβ activation, PI3K, and AKT phosphorylation	[75]
Achyranthes bidentate saponins	Achyranthes bidentate	Chondrocytes of SD rats	Suppress the activation of caspase-3, p53 protein phosphorylation and promote the expression of Bcl-xL and Bad	[93]

ACLT: anterior cruciate ligament.