[Retracted] Noscapine, an Emerging Medication for Different Diseases: A Mechanistic Review

Table 2

Anti-inflammatory effect, the antiapoptotic effects of noscapine.

Effects	Type of study	Model	Cancer type	Dose/Conc	Mechanism	Years	Ref
Inducing apoptosis	In vivo	Blocking CDH17 gene in colon cancer SW480 cells	Colon cancer cells	10 µmol/L	↑Bax, ↓Bcl-2 and ↓Bcl-xL	2017	[135]
Antiproliferation	In vitro and in vivo		Triple negative breast cancer	100 mg/kg	Increase sensitivity to docetaxel	2017	[136]
Inducing apoptosis	In vivo	MCF7 cells	Breast cancer		Progression in G2/M transition	2021	[137]
Inducing apoptosis	In vitro	The expression of apoptotic genes significantly increased	Endometriosis	3 μg/mL	Inhibiting angiogenesis and nitric oxide	2019	[138]
Antineuroinflammation	In vivo	Parkinson’s disease		10 mg/kg	Enhancing the expression of mTOR and prevented apoptosis	2021	[139]
Inducing apoptosis	In vitro and in vivo	Human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468	Breast cancer	50 mg/kg	Promoting effect on apoptosis-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells via p53-dependent pathway reduces VEGF expression	2019	[140]
Anticancer	In vivo	LNCaP and PC-3 human prostate cancer cell lines	Human prostate cancer cell lines	50 μM	↓Bcl-2-↑Bax, and ↑Bax/Bcl-2 ratio	2017	[141]
Inducing apoptosis -tubulins	In vivo	MCF-7 and MDA-mb-231	Breast cancer	1.35 ± 0.2 μM	↑ROS ↓tubulin assembly	2020	[142]
Tubulin	In situ	STD-NMR		0.6 μM	↓tubulin assembly	2020	[143]
Inhibition of p-glycoprotein	In vivo	Human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF7	Breast cancer	45.4 ± 6.5 μM	↓P-gp function	2019	[102]
Inducing apoptosis	In vivo	The human colon cancer cell lines HT29 and LoVo	Colon cancer cells	75 μM	↓PI3K/mTOR signalling-↓Warburg effect	2020	[56]
Inducing apoptosis	In vivo	U87 cells	Human glioblastoma cells	46.8 µM	↑apoptosis	2019	[144]
Antiangiogenic	In vivo	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells	Endothelial cells	11.87 μM for Cl-noscapine, 6.9 μM for Br-noscapine, and 6.79 μM for folate-noscapine	Antiangiogenesis activity	2018	[116]

STD-NMR: Saturation transfer difference (STD) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR).