Anticancer Activities of Ginsenosides, the Main Active Components of Ginseng

Table 1

Anticancer effects of some ginsenosides.

Ginsenoside	Function	Cancer	Reference
Rd	↓proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, colony formation; ↑ apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, sensitivity to cisplatin	Breast; Gastric; Lung	[56, 57],; [109],; [130]
CK	↓ cell viability, tumor growth, invasion, migration, colony formation, metastasis, self-renewal capacity, self-renewal; ↑ cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, autophagy	Breast; Brain; Liver; Lung	[58, 60]; [79]; [93, 94]; [114, 135, 136]
Rg1	↓ tumor growth,; ↑ hepatoprotective	Liver	[91, 92]
Rg2	↑ autophagy	Breast	[64]
Rg3	↓ cell viability, self-renewal capacity, proliferation, spheroid formation ability, angiogenesis, metastasis, migration, invasion, EMT; ↑ apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle arrest; ↑ sensitivity to sorafenib, osimertinib, oxaliplatin, cisplatin, temozolomide, icotinib, gefitinib	Breast; Brain; Liver; Gastric; Lung	[29, 53, 54]; [32, 73–75]; [83, 84, 95, 96]; [104, 105]; [115–117, 123–128]
Rg5	↓ proliferation, tumor growth; ↑ cell cycle arrest, apoptosis,	Breast; Gastric	[59, 62]; [108]
Rg18	↓ proliferation; ↑ cell cycle arrest	Lung	[119]
Rh1	↓ viability	Lung	[134]
Rh2	↓ tumor growth, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, colony formation, migration, metastasis; ↑ apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle arrest	Breast; Brain; Liver; Gastric; Lung	[66]; [72, 78]; [86–90, 97]; [109]; [120–122]
Rk1	↓ tumor growth, proliferation, colony formation,; ↑ apoptosis, cell cycle arrest	Breast; Lung	[61]; [131]
Rk3	↓viability, proliferation and colony formation, angiogenesis; ↑ cell cycle arrest, apoptosis	Lung	[118]