Effects of Basketball and Baduanjin Exercise Interventions on Problematic Smartphone Use and Mental Health among College Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Table 1
Summaries of baseline variables in the three groups (N = 96).
Baduanjin
Basketball
Control
Age
19.21 ± 1.02
18.95 ± 0.89
19.71 ± 1.77
Gender
Male
24
23
24
Female
7
8
10
Grade
Freshmen
29
30
28
Sophomore
2
1
5
Junior
0
0
1
Major
Science
24
22
34
Social science
7
9
0
Family
Single child
22
16
22
Sibling
9
15
12
Class role
Leader
10
4
10
Nonleader
21
27
24
Dating
Yes
6
5
11
No
25
26
23
Monthly mobile phone fee (Yuan)
<20
1
2
5
20–50
12
17
14
51–100
6
6
9
101–150
3
0
1
150–200
9
6
5
Daily mobile phone use (hours)
3-4
0
5
2
4–6
1
2
4
6–8
23
18
19
8–10
3
5
8
>10
4
1
1
Main use of mobile phone
Social (chatting)
13
16
16
Study and work
14
13
16
Personality
0
2
0
Entertainment
4
0
1
Killing time
0
0
1
Main social use of mobile phone
Internet surfing
16
14
15
Movie and music
12
14
18
Phone and messaging
1
0
0
Photograph
2
3
0
Playing game
0
0
1
Awareness of harm of mobile radiation
Know
26
23
30
Do not know
5
8
4
Note. A significant baseline difference, which was added to the analysis models as the main effect terms to adjust for their potential confounding effects.
