Effects of Basketball and Baduanjin Exercise Interventions on Problematic Smartphone Use and Mental Health among College Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Table 3
Parameter estimation of time, group, and their interaction effects in the GEE models.
Effect
MPAI
Anxiety
Loneliness
Inadequacy
Stress
Intercept
Coef.
47.54
52.80
49.15
75.59
33.93
95% CI
(44.41, 50.67)
(50.24, 55.36)
(46.96, 51.33)
(70.40, 80.79)
(31.14, 36.72)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Time effect
Time 2
Coef.
−1.24
−1.44
−1.79
13.44
-1.82
95% CI
(−2.95, 0.48)
(−4.26, 1.38)
(−4.77, 1.18)
(8.03, 18.86)
(-3.94, 0.29)
0.16
0.32
0.24
0.00
0.09
Time 3
Coef.
−2.97
−1.18
−1.68
10.76
-2.56
95% CI
(−4.75, −1.19)
(−3.41, 1.06)
(−4.27, 0.91)
(5.81, 15.72)
(-4.77, -0.35)
0.00
0.30
0.20
0.00
0.02
Group effect
Baduanjin
Coef.
3.24
−3.02
1.38
-0.95
-0.40
95% CI
(−0.40, 6.88)
(−5.78, −0.25)
(−1.19, 3.96)
(-4.97, 3.07)
(-3.08, 2.28)
0.08
0.03
0.29
0.64
0.77
Basketball
Coef.
0.51
−1.55
1.86
0.74
-0.79
95% CI
(−2.98, 4.00)
(−4.14, 1.05)
(−0.66, 4.38)
(-3.18, 4.66)
(-3.56, 1.97)
0.77
0.24
0.15
0.71
0.57
Major
Coef.
0.28
1.23
−.3515483
1.81694
.5701275
95% CI
(−2.17, 2.74)
(−0.62, 3.08)
(−1.41, 0.71)
(-2.67, 6.30)
(-1.44, 2.58)
0.82
0.19
0.51
0.43
0.58
Interaction effect
Time 2 Baduanjin
Coef.
−7.15
−4.27
−7.63
18.01
-2.89
95% CI
(−10.48, −3.82)
(−8.23, −0.31)
(−11.29, −3.96)
(9.46, 26.56)
(-5.61, -0.16)
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.04
Time 2 basketball
Coef.
−8.47
−9.56
−10.33
25.14
-5.05
95% CI
(−12.34, −4.61)
(−12.87, −6.25)
(−13.79, −6.88)
(17.43, 32.85)
(-7.52, -2.57)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Time 3 Baduanjin
Coef.
−4.67
−3.69
−5.97
12.88
-1.31
95% CI
(−8.23, −1.12)
(−6.92, −0.46)
(−9.17, −2.76)
(3.73, 22.03)
(-3.80, 1.18)
0.01
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.30
Time 3 basketball
Coef.
−4.42
−10.08
−8.74
21.36
0.72
95% CI
(−7.86, −0.98)
(−13.02, −7.14)
(−12.05, −5.44)
(13.64, 29.09)
(-1.73, 3.17)
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.56
;; Time 1: the postintervention time (week 12); Time 2: the 2-month follow-up time after the postintervention time.
