Effects of Combined Physical Activity and Cognitive Training on Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Subjective Cognitive Decline: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Table 1

Characteristics of included studies.

Author/Year	Mean age	N(M/F)	Intervention	Frequency, duration and intensity	Outcomes/measure
Boa et al. 2020 [47–50]	T: 67.6± 7.5; C: 67.4± 7.2	127 (37/90)	T: Physical activity combined cognitive training; C: Active control	60 min/day, 3 days/week, 24 weeks; 65–85% of maximum HR	Working memory/Monkey Ladder; Spatial short-term memory/Spatial Span; Verbal working memory/Digit Span; Visuospatial paired associate learning/Paired Associates
McEwen et al. 2018 [51]	T: 65.4± 3.0; C: 67.0± 5.1	55 (17/38)	T: Memory training after station cycling (SEQ); C: Active control	120 min/day, 2 days/week, 4 weeks; 65% HRR	Composite memory/Verbal and Visual Memory Test; Attention/Stroop Test; Executive function/CNS; Processing speed/CNS
Chan et al. 2017 [52]	T: 68.3± 4.4; C: 69.5± 6.9	48 (12/36)	T: Dejian Mind-Body; C: Active control	150 min/day, 1 days/week, 10 weeks	Memory/HKLLT; Immediate recall/WMS-III-VR; delayed recall/WMS-III-VR
Lautenschlager et al. 2008 [53]	T: 68.6± 8.7; C: 68.7± 8.5	170 (84/86)	T: Physical activity; C: Active control	50 min/day, 3 days/week, 24 weeks; Moderate intensity	Global cognitive function/CDR, ADAS-Cog; immediate recall/word list; delayed recall/word list; Information processing speed/DSC; verbal fluency/VFT; Depression/BDI; Mentality/ MCS; Physical fitness/ PCS
Fabre et al. 1999 [54]	AMT: 64.9± 3.9; AT: 65.4± 6.2; C: 67.5± 3.4	24	AMT: Physical activity combined cognitive training; AT: Physical activity; C: Control	90 min/day, 1 days/week, 2 months	Memory/WMS; Depression/SQLP; Mentality/SQLP; Physical fitness/SQLP
Andrieu et al. 2017 [55]	T: 75.0± 4.1; C: 75.1± 4.3	770 (266/504)	T: Physical activity combined cognitive training; C: Control	120 min/day, 2 days/week for the first month, and 120 min/day, 1 day/week for the second month, then 1 60 min/month, 36 months	Global cognitive function/Composite score; Memory/FCSRT; Executive function/TMT-B; Information processing speed/DSST; Verbal fluency/COWAT; Attention/Ten MMSE orientation items; Depression/GDS; Mentality/Consequences of everyday life; Subjective memory function/Memory functioning; Physical fitness/SPPB
Zuniga et al. 2016 [56]	T 66.4± 5.7	179 (62/117)	T: Physical activity; C: Active Control	60 min/day, 3 days/week, 12 months; 50–75% HRR	Depression/PSS; Mentality/MUNSH; Subjective memory function/FOF; Physical fitness/CHIPS
Cox et al. 2013 [57]	T: 68.2± 9.8; C: 65.6± 4.7	170 (84/86)	T: Combined; C: Control	50 min/day, 3 days/week, 6 months; Moderate intensity	Mentality/SCI
Small et al. 2006 [58]	T: 54± 12; C: 53± 10	17 (6/11)	T: Physical activity combined cognitive training; C: Control	30-45 min/day, 7 days/week, 2 weeks	Memory/VLM; Verbal fluency/Word-generation (letter-fluency) test; Subjective memory function/MFQ
Barnes 2013 [59]	T: 74.8± 6.1; C: 73.9± 6.3	95 (34/61)	MA-I/EX-I: Physical activity combined cognitive activity; MA-C/EX-I: Physical activity; C: Active control	60 min/day, 3 days/week, 6 months; 65–85% of maximum HR	Global cognitive function/Composite score; Memory/RAVLT; Executive function/TMT-B; Information processing speed/DSST; Verbal fluency/Letter and Category; Attention/UFVO
Nagamastsu et al. 2013 [60]	T: 75.6± 3.6; C: 75.1± 3.6	58	T: Physical activity; C: Active control	60 min/day, 2 days/week, 6 months; 40–80% HRR	Verbal Memory and Learning/RAVLT

CNS, computerized CNS Vital Signs Memory Protocol test ; HKLLT, Hong Kong list learning test; WMS-III-VR, visuospatial reproduction subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale III; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating; ADAS-Cog, Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale; DSC, digit symbol coding; VFT, verbal fluency total; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; MCS, Medical Outcomes 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) mental component summary; PCS, SF-36 physical component summary; WMS, Wechsler Memory Scale; SQLP, the Subjective Quality of Life Profile; FCSRT, Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test; TMT-B, Trail Making Test B; DSST, Digit Symbol Substitution Test; COWAT, Controlled Oral Word Association Test; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; GDS, the Geriatric Depression Scale; SPPB, the Short Physical Performance Battery; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; MUNSH, Memorial University of New Foundland Scale of Happiness; FOF, Frequency of Forgetting scale; CHIPS, Cohen-Hoberman Inventory of Physical Symptoms; SCI, the Stage of Change Instrument; VLM, verbal learning and memory test; MFQ, The Memory Functioning Questionnaire; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; UFVO, Useful Field of View.