Ethnomedicinal Use, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig

Table 2

Pharmacological activities.

Activity	Isolated compounds	Cell lines/test system	IC50 values	References
Anticancer activity	Gedunin	Colon cancer cell lines	16.83 µM	[16]
	Xylogranatumines A–G	A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma) tumor cell lines	10 µM per specimen	[53]
	Protoxylocarpins F–H	Five human tumor cell lines		[25]
	Xylomexicanin A	Human breast carcinoma cells (KT)	7.43 µM	[32]
	Granaxylocarpins A-E	Cytotoxicity against the P-388 and A-549 tumor cell lines	9.3 and 4.9 µM	[30]
	Xylomexicanins F	Six human tumor cell lines A549 and RERF	18.83 and 15.83 µM	[44]
	Thaixylogranis A–H	MDA-MB-231 cell line	49.4 mM	[29]
	Xylogranin B		48.9 nM	[26]
Antimalarial activity	Gedunin and xyloccensin I	In vitro model of Plasmodium falciparum	50 µg m/L, and (MIC) 10 µg m/L.	[12]
Antiviral activity	Sundarbanxylogranis B	Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)	78.45 ± 1.69 µM.	[27]
	Granatumin L and their moderate derivatives	HIV-1 and influenza A virus (IAV)	HIV-1 with an 15.98 ± 6.87 µM; IAV with a 14.02 ± 3.54 µM	[39]
Antifeedant activity	Xylogranatins G	The third instar larvae of Mythimna separata (walker)	1 mg m/L	[38]
	Xyloccensins P and Q		500 ppm	[10]
Antidiabetic activity	Xylogranin B		IC50 48.9 nM or inhibited TCF/β-catenin transcriptional activity with IC50 values of 270 and 330 nM	[26]
	Xyloccensin I	α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition study	0.25 and 0.16 mg/mL	[4]
	Xyloccensin S	Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B	8.72 µg/mL	[52]
Antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like activities	Cipadesin A	Mice model	5, 15, and 50 mg/kg	[2]
Antifilarial activity	Gedunin and photogedunn	Human lymphatic filarial parasite	100 mg/kg	[56]
Fungicidal activity	Lactone	Wheat powdery mildew	20 mg/mL	[22]
Possess different inhibitory effect	Xylogranatopyridins A and B	Protein tyrosinephosphatase 1B (PTP1B)	22.9 µM	[52]
	Krishnagranatins G, H, and I	Inhibit NF-κB pathway	100 ng/mL	[28]
	Xyloccensin S	Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B	8.72 µg/mL	[36]
Antioxidant activity	Xyloccensin I	DPPH, ABTS, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide scavenging	0.041, 0.039, 0.096, and 0.235 mg/mL	[4]