Rutin: A Flavonoid as an Effective Sensitizer for Anticancer Therapy; Insights into Multifaceted Mechanisms and Applicability for Combination Therapy

Figure 4

Rutin can reduce the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and COX-2) and downregulate inflammatory markers and antiproliferative impact. This anti-inflammatory activity is primarily related to the regulation on MAPKs and NF-κB signalling pathways by in vivo and in vitro data (66).