Rutin: A Flavonoid as an Effective Sensitizer for Anticancer Therapy; Insights into Multifaceted Mechanisms and Applicability for Combination Therapy

Table 2

The anticancer activities of rutin combination with other therapeutically drugs as revealed by recent studies in vitro.

Compound (rutin with other therapeutically drugs)	Mechanism	Cancer cell line	Reference
Apigenin, tamoxifen	Induce apoptosis through a p53-dependent pathway	Breast cancer cell line (MCF-7)	[48]
Cisplatin, isoquercetin	Inducing toxicity, could decrees cell count percentage in G0/G1, S, and G2/M phases in addition to increase it in sub G0 phase in comparison with the single doses	Gastric cancer	[49]
Hyperoside	Increase the expression of regulator positive apoptosis such as Bax, Caspase 3, 8, 9	Colon cancer cells (HT-29)	[50]
5-FU	Increase of p53 gene expression and decreases Bcl-2 protein expression	Prostate cancer cell (PC3)	[21]
Oxaliplatin	Induced apoptosis may be associated with the activation of the p38/caspase signal pathway	SGC-7901 gastric cancer cell line	[51]
Orlistat	Cytotoxic effects and promoting apoptosis	Breast cancer (MCF-7) and pancreatic cancer cell line (PANC-1)	[5]
Oxidovanadium(IV)	Inhibit superoxide, hydroxyl radicals and improved the antioxidant activity	Lung cancer A549 cell line	[52]
5-FU and oxaliplatin	Antiproliferative effect and reduce possible adverse effects of these drugs	Caco-2 cancer cell line	[53]
Zein-co-acrylic acid hybrid hydrogels loaded 5-fluorouracil	Enhanced anticancer efficacy	MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines	[54, 55]
Doxorubicin (DOX)	Anticancer, protective effects	Human neuroblastoma cell line (IMR32)	[56]