The Effect of Rhythmic Breathing on the Severity of Sternotomy Pain after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Table 5

Results of repeated-measures ANOVA in terms of pain severity in the RB and control groups.

Source of change	Variables	Sum of squares	df	Mean squares	F	value
Within-subjects	Time^a	13.10	1	13.10	10.56	0.002
	Time × group	3.66	1	3.66	2.95	0.09
	Error	71.90	58	1.24
Between-subject	Constant	176.4	1	176.4	387.05	<0.001
	Group	62.50	1	62.50	137.13	<0.001
	Error	26.43	58	0.456

Lower bound; adjusted for time, and interaction of time and group. Time^a: day 1 (T1, T2); day 2 (T1, T2); and day 3 (T1, T2). T1 indicates the difference in pain severity between before and after the intervention at 9 a.m., and T2 indicates the difference in pain severity between before and after the intervention at 9 p.m..