(i) Insulin sensitivity ↑ (ii) Fecal excretion of bile acids and cholesterol ↑ (iii) Activation of AMPK ↑ (iv) White fat depots ↓ (v) Blood lipid ↓ (vi) Glycaemia ↓ (vii) Pancreatic α-glucosidase and also α-amylase and maltase ↓ (viii) Generation of reactive oxygen species ↓ (ix) Na+-dependent glucose transporter ↓
(i) Hypoglycemic effects through ameliorating insulin resistance and sensitivity ↑ (ii) Exerting anti-inflammation property ↑ (iii) Digestion of carbohydrate and uptake of glucose in the small intestine ↓ (iv) Protecting pancreatic β-cells ↑ (v) The mechanism of renal interstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathic rat models ↓ (vi) Oxidative damage ↓ (vii) Maillard reaction and formation of AGEs ↓
(i) Insulin resistance and glucose intolerance ↑ (ii) Glucokinase activity ↑ (iii) β-Cell activity ↑ (iv) Antioxidant properties and anti-inflammatory activities ↑ (v) Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase ↑ (vi) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase effects in the liver ↓ (vii) Gluconeogenesis and adipogenesis ↓
(i) Uptake of glucose in adipose tissue through phosphorylation of IRS-1 ↑ (ii) Phosphorylation of AMPK ↑ (iii) Formation of AGEs and enzymatic action of sucrose, lactase, and maltase ↓ (iv) Activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase ↓