|
No | Potential Disease category | Extract type | Dose concentration | Tested species | Effect | Reference |
|
Antibacterial |
1 | Dental plaque | Pure xanthorrhizol | 5 µmol/L | Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 | Complete inhibition of biofilm formation | [40] |
70% ethanol rhizome extract | MIC: 0.1% () | Streptococcus mutans type F (MUI) | Bacterial growth inhibition | [41] |
2 | Food-borne illness | Pure xanthorrhizol | MIC: 8 µg/ml; MBC: 16 µg/ml | Bacillus cereus ATCC 21772 | Treatment at 4x MIC reduced viable cells by at least 6 to 8 log in 4 h | [42] |
MIC: 16 µg/ml; MBC: 32 µg/ml | Clostridium perfringens ATCC 3624 | Treatment at 4x MIC reduced viable cells by at least 6 to 8 log in 4 h | [42] |
MIC: 8 µg/ml; MBC: 16 µg/ml | Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313 | Treatment at 4x MIC reduced viable cells by at least 6 to 8 log in 4 h | [42] |
MIC: 8 µg/ml; MBC: 16 µg/ml | Staphylococcus aureus KCCM 11764 | Treatment at 4x MIC reduced viable cells by at least 6 to 8 log in 4 h | [42] |
MIC: 16 µg/ml; MBC: 16 µg/ml | Salmonella typhimurium KCCM 11862 | Treatment at 4x MIC reduced viable cells by at least 6 to 8 log in 4 h | [42] |
MIC: 8 µg/ml; MBC: 16 µg/ml | Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802 | Treatment at 4x MIC reduced viable cells by at least 6 to 8 log in 4 h | [42] |
70% ethanol rhizome extract | MIC: 2.0% () | Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 | Bacterial growth inhibition | [41] |
3 | Skin diseases | 70% ethanol rhizome extract | MIC: 0.1% () | Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 | Bacterial growth inhibition | [41] |
4 | Infectious diseases | 96% ethanol rhizome extract | 100% extract concentration | Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 | Showed average inhibition zone diameter of 9.20 mm | [43] |
5 | Pneumonia | 100% methanol rhizome extract | MIC:1.25 mg/ml; MBC: 2.5 mg/ml | Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 13773 | The bacteria completely killed at 4x MIC for 15 min | [44] |
6 | Tuberculosis | 96% ethanol rhizome extract | MIC: 1600 µg/ml; MBC: 3200 µg/ml | Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv | Bacterial growth inhibition | [44] |
7 | Pulp necrosis | Essential oil extract | 25%–100% extract concentration | Enterococcus faecalis | Inhibition zone: 8–11 mm (medium level antibacterial) | [45] |
Fusobacterium nucleatum | Inhibition zone: 8–11 mm (medium level antibacterial) | [45] |
8 | Diarrhea | 96% ethanol rhizome extract + nanoparticles | 500 µg/ml | Escherichia coli | Bacterial growth inhibition | [46] |
9 | Typhus | 96% ethanol rhizome extract + nanoparticles | 500 µg/ml | Salmonella typhi | Bacterial growth inhibition | [46] |
| | 96% ethanol rhizome extract + nanoparticles | 500 µg/ml | Bacillus subtilis | Bacterial growth inhibition | [46] |
10 | Acne | Essential oil of flower bract | MIC: 1 mg/ml; MBC: 3 mg/ml | Propionibacterium acnes | Bacterial growth inhibition | [47] |
|
Antifungal |
11 | Nosocomial infections | Pure xanthorrhizol | 8 µg/mL | Candida albicans | Inhibition of biofilm formation and conidial germination | [48] |
12 | Hospital-acquired infection | Pure xanthorrhizol | MIC: 1.0–10 mg/l; MFC: 15 mg/ml | Candida glabrata | Able to kill the Candida strains | [40] |
MIC: 2.0–8.0 mg/l; MFC: 12.5 mg/ml | Candida guilliermondii |
MIC: 2.5–7.5 mg/l; MFC: 10 mg/ml | Candida krusei |
MIC: 2.5–25 mg/l; MFC: 30 mg/ml | Candida parapsilosis |
MIC: 2.0–8.0 mg/l; MFC: 10 mg/ml | Candida tropicalis |
13 | Filamentous fungal infections | Pure xanthorrhizol | MIC: 2.0 µg/ml; MFC: 4.0 µg/ml | Aspergillus flavus | Inhibition the conidial germination | [49] |
MIC: 2.0 µg/ml; MFC: 4.0 µg/ml | Aspergillus fumigatus |
MIC: 2.0 µg/ml; MFC: 4.0 µg/ml | Aspergillus niger |
MIC: 4.0 µg/ml; MFC: 8.0 µg/ml | Fusarium oxysporum |
MIC: 1.0 µg/ml; MFC: 2.0 µg/ml | Rhizopus oryzae |
MIC: 1.0 µg/ml; MFC: 2.0 µg/ml | Trichophyton mentagrophytes |
14 | Skin and nail infections | Acetone extract and chloroform fractions | MIC:12.5–25.0 μg/mL | Epidermophyton sp. | Significant growth inhibition | [50] |
15 | Trichophyton rubrum |
16 | Penicilliosis | Acetone extract and chloroform fractions | MIC:12.5–25.0 μg/mL | Penicillium sp. | Significant growth inhibition | [50] |
|
Anti-insecticidal |
17 | Agriculture pest | Pure xanthorrhizol | LD50 = 6.92–8.13 μmol/kg fr.wt | Spodoptera littoralis | Significant mortality of the larvae | [51] |
|