|
Country | Local names | Traditional use as or to treat | Part(s) used | Mode of administration | Reference(s) |
|
Bangladesh | Hatisur | Antidote to poisoning | Leaves and stem | Decoction of leaves and stems is administered orally. | [12] |
Swelling of knees, joint pain, and severe itching in leg | Root | Decoction or maceration of the root is used through vocal order (VO). | [25] |
Chicken pox | Leaves | Juice of roots is taken orally. | [26] |
Allergy | Leaves | Juice of the leaf is taken orally. | |
Blood purification and infections | Root | Juice of roots is used both orally and topically. | [27] |
Brazil | Aguará-ciunhá-ac¸ú and jacuá-acanga | Skin ulcers and burns | Leaves | Unknown | [19,37] |
Benin | Koklosoudèn | Dystocia | Leaves | Trituration with water and drops in eyes | [38] |
| | Femal | Leaves | Leaf extract is filtered then applied through VO. | |
| | Leucorrhoea | Whole plant | The diluted juice is administered through VO. | |
| | Splenomegalia | Leaves | Unknown | |
| | Psychosis | Leaves and root | Unknown | |
| Koclossoudinkpatcha (Fon) | Internal infection and hypertension | Stem and leaves | Decoction of stems with leaves is applied through VO. | [39] |
Congo | Not registered | Stomach, fever, and eye lotion | Leaves | Decoction of fresh leaves with water that is taken 1 glass/day for 1 week. | [40] |
Colombia | Rabo de alacrán and verbena | Internal parasites | Leaves | Decoction of fresh leaves | [41] |
Guinea | Nasinko and hogghonhwan | Diarrhea and febrifuge | Whole plant | Decoction of the whole plant | [42] |
| | Antiseptic | Leaves | The decoction of leaves is allowed to administer through vocal order. | [43] |
Ghana | Kɔmfemtikorɔ | Paludism and eye infections | Leaves | Decoction of leaves is used for 7 days. | [44] |
Conakry | Not registered | Fever | Whole plant | Decoction of the whole plant | [9] |
Gabon | (mo-)nyaka (w-)a mbumba (Eviya language) | Gingivitis | Leaves | Ground leaves of H. indicum for local application | [45] |
India | Nakkipoo | Snakebite and scorpion sting | Leaves | The leaf juice is used by mixing with hot water. | [29] |
| Indian heliotrope and hatisundha | Wounds and skin infections | Whole plant | Paste of the whole plant is applied topically. | [28] |
| | Ophthalmia | Root | Juice of the root is taken orally. | [46] |
Ivory Coast | Klaouri (Gouro), kotokorokombo (Baoule), nansifo, nosiko (Malinke), tapentiti, and taperodia (Shien) | Colds and sinusitis | Leaves | Powder of dry leaves | [47] |
Indonesia | Bandotanlombok, djingirajam, gadjahan, tlale, and tusokkonde | Herpes and rheumatism | Leaves | Decoction of leaf is used in thrush and poultices. | [9] |
Jamaica | Turnsoles | Menorrhagia | Flower | Infusion of the flower is taken orally. | [48] |
| | Fever, ulcers, venereal diseases, and sore throat | Whole plant | Decoction of the whole plant is taken orally. | |
| | Induced abortion | Whole plant | Decoction of the whole plant is applied to the vaginal cavity. | |
| | Rectal sores | Whole plant | Decoction of the whole plant is administered rectally. | |
| | Cleansing and dressing of wounds and ulcers | Whole plant | Paste of fresh plant | |
Mauritius | Herbepapillon (Creole) and taylkoudougou (Tamoul) | Renal colic | Leaves | Infusion of 4 or 5 green leaves | [32,49] |
| | Ophthalmia, diuretic, anthrax (poultice), and ulcers | Leaves | Diluted leaf of 1 or 2 cups | |
Mali | Nonsikou (Bambara) | Nausea and vomiting | Whole plant | Boiled decoction of plant bundle is taken orally. | [50] |
| | Baby thinness | Leaves | Leaves decoction through VO and bath 4x/day for 10 days | [9] |
| | Ocular infection | Leaves | Leaves decoction is used to wash eyes. | |
| | Amenorrhea | Root | Decoction of roots is applied through VO and bath for 3 days. | |
| | High blood pressure | Leaves | Leaves decoction (VO) | |
Mexico | Not registered | Asthma | Root | Decoction of roots or any plant part | [9] |
Nigeria | Agogo-igun, ogbe, and akuko | Paludism, and sap is applied to gumboils. | Leaves | The decoction with water and allowed to administer through vocal order | [38] |
| | Hepatitis and fever | Leaves | The decoction with water and allowed to administer through vocal order | |
| | Gonorrhea | Leaves | The leaf juice mixed with castor oil is locally applied. | [51] |
| Otukeyin, ekaesinono, and edisimon (Ibibio) | Boils and sore throat | Leaves | Decoction of crushed leaves is applied through VO. | [52] |
Nicaragua | Not registered | Skin infections | Leaves | Leaf paste is applied topically for skin infections. | [53,54] |
| | Whooping cough | Leaves and root | Decoction of a combination of leaf and root is taken orally. | |
Philippines | Buntot-leon, pengnga-pengnga, and puntaelepante | Diuretic and kidney stone | Whole plant | Decoction of the whole plant is taken orally. | [55] |
Rodrigues Island | Herbepapillon | Calculus | Whole plant | Decoction of the plant is applied through VO. | [56] |
| Herbepapillon (Rodrigues Creole) and Indian heliotrope (English) | Bloating and loss of appetite | Leaves | Decoction of the leaves (VO). 1 cup when needed. | [57] |
Siby | Nonsikou | Vomiting | Leaves | Unknown | [9] |
Seychelles | Not registered | Chirurgical pain | Leaves | The decoction with water and allowed to administer through vocal order | [58] |
Senegal | Manding-bambarańâgiku | Child, eczema, impetigo, and dermatitis | Leaves | The leaf powder is prepared by drying in the shadow and in the open-air that is applied in local. | [59] |
| | Diuretic and kidney stone | Whole plant | Decoction of the whole plant is taken orally. | [55,60] |
Sao Tome | Folhagalo | Ulcers | Leaves | The crushed leaves with palm oil are applied on the affected area. | [61] |
Sierra Leone | Not registered | Washing the newborn babies | Leaves | Decoction of leaves | [9] |
South America | Not registered | Insect bites and scorpion stings | Leaves and root | Paste of leaf and root together is applied externally. | [62] |
Togo | Koklotadoe and agamassiké (Ewé) | Dermatosis | Leaves | Local application of leaves juice | [38] |
| | Liver diseases | Whole plant | Decoction of the whole plant | [63] |
Tanzania | Humbangara (Ngoni) | Yaws | Root | Decoction or maceration of the root through VO | [64] |
Taiwan | Gou-wei-chung-tsan | Hepatitis | Leaves and root | Paste of leaf and root together is applied externally. | [65] |
Thailand | Yah nguang-chang | Produce permanent sterilization in females | Inflorescence | One gram of the dried and powdered inflorescence mixed with milk or water is used for 3 days beginning with the fourth day of menses to achieve the desired result. | [33] |
West Indies | | Head lice | Whole plant | Paste of fresh whole plant | [66] |
|