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Activity | Extract | Method | Results | References |
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Antioxidant activity | Methanolic extract of leaf, stem, and root | DPPH free radical scavenging assay | Leaf extract yields greater free radical scavenging activity than the stem and roots. | [80] |
| Aqueous leaf extract | | Show high free radical scavenging activity compared with Centella asiatica, Coccinia grandis, and Euphorbia hirta. | [81] |
| Ethanol and water extracts of the whole plant | | Ethanolic extract showed high antioxidant activity. | [14] |
Analgesic activity | Aqueous and ethanol extracts of the whole plant | In vivo: Formalin-induced nociception in mice | Both extracts have analgesic activity. | [82] |
Antinociceptive activity | Methanolic extract of the roots | Acetic-acid-induced writhing in mice | Extract produced writhing inhibition in the test animals. | [7] |
| Chloroform extract of leaves | Hot-plate model in male Swiss albino mice | Extract showed writhing inhibition in mice. | [83] |
Antiinflammatory activity | Methanol extracts of leaf, stem, and root | Egg-albumin- and carrageenin-induced acute paw edema models and cotton pellet granuloma sub-acute inflammation model | Extract of roots produced a significant antiinflammatory effect in acetic-acid-induced writhing in mice. | [18,84] |
| Chloroform extract of leaves | Carrageenan-induced raw paw edema | The extract showed maximum inhibition on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. | [83] |
| Aqueous whole plant extract | Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced uveitis rabbits | The extract reduced both the clinical scores of inflammation and inflammatory cells infiltration. | [85] |
Antimicrobial activity | Alcoholic extract of the whole plant | Agar cup plate diffusion method | The alcoholic extract was found to possess dose-dependent antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and yeasts, | [8,86] |
| Petroleum ether, chloroform, aqueous, and methanolic extracts of leaves | | All extracts show effective antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria | [6,37] |
| Aqueous, ethanol, and chloroform extracts of the whole plant | | Had significant zones of inhibition against bacteria and fungi. | [87] |
| Methanol whole plant extracts | | Exhibited both antibacterial and antifungal activity. | [88] |
| Methanol leaves extract | | Had an antibacterial activity. | [8] |
Antituberculosis activity | Volatile oil of H. indicum from aerial parts | Alamar blue assay system with an MIC | Had profound antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. | [79] |
Antihyperglycemic activity | Whole plant methanol extracts | Tested on the fasting blood glucose levels of streptozotocin-induced (STZ-induced) diabetic rats | Showed a conspicuous reduction in blood glucose levels and normalization of blood glucose levels. | [89] |
Anticataract activity | Ethanolic leaf extract | Galactose-induced cataract in rats | Significantly increased the lens glutathione. | [20] |
| Aqueous extract of the whole plant | Selenite-induced cataracts in Sprague–Dawley rats | Expressively inhibited the development of selenite-induced cataracts. | [90] |
Antiplasmodial properties | Dichloromethane, methanol, and total aqueous extracts of the whole plant | Tested on chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and resistant (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum | Revealed no direct antiplasmodial activity. | [91] |
Antifertility activity | Petroleum ether extract of the whole plant | In vivo test on rats | Exhibited profound activity. | [77] |
| Extract of the n-hexane and benzene fractions of whole plant | Antiimplantation and abortifacient models in rats | Had substantial antifertility activity. | [92] |
Anthelmintic activity | Methanolic extract of leaves | In vitro anthelmintic bioassay | The extract showed significant anthelmintic efficacy. | [93] |
Antitumor activity | Methanolic extract of both stem and leaf | MTT assay on HeLa cell lines | Both extracts exhibited antiproliferative activity where the stem extract showed interesting results. | [94] |
| Ethanolic extract of the whole plant | MTT assay on SKBR3 human breast adenocarcinoma cell line | Showed momentous antiproliferative activity. | [91] |
Antitussive property | Ethanolic extract of leaves | The citric acid saturated chamber in animals | Extract syrup recorded the lowest number of coughs. | [95] |
Antiglaucoma activity | Aqueous whole plant extract | Glaucoma of rabbits in vivo | Significantly reduced intraocular pressure in acute and chronic glaucoma. | [90] |
Wound-healing activity | Dried parts of ethanolic extracts | Excision and restored incision wound model | Showed wound-healing capacity. | [19] |
| n-Butanol fractions aerial part (stem and leaves) | The scratch assay | The isolated compound contains profound wound-healing activity. | [96] |
| The petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol, and aqueous extracts of leaves. | Excision (normal and infected), incision, and dead space wound models in rats | Methanol and aqueous extracts attributed intense wound-healing activity. | [37] |
Histo-gastroprotective activity | Aqueous extract of the dried leaves | Indomethacin-induced gastric ulcerated mucosa in rats | Had effective histo-gastroprotective activity. | [10] |
Diuretic activity | Methanolic extract of the dried roots | Biuret, a urea derivative assayed by the electrolyte loss ratio (Na+/K+ excretion ratio) in mice | The extract revealed a marked diuretic effect. | [7] |
Relaxant/receptor property | Ethanol extract of the roots | Guinea pig ileum and rabbit duodenum in vitro | Possess weak smooth muscle relaxant activity. | [97] |
| Dark-brown solid extract of aerial parts | Guinea pig ileum, rabbit jejunum, rat uterus, and rat anococcygeus preparations in vivo | Showed profound receptor property | [98] |
Clot lysis and membrane-stabilizing activities | Ethanolic, petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform extracts of leaves | Membrane-stabilizing and thrombolytic activities in vitro | Had potential clot lysis and membrane-stabilizing activities. | [99] |
| Methanol extract of the whole plant | In vitro thrombolytic model and membrane-stabilizing activity assay on human RBC subjected to heat and hypotonic stress | Protected the hemolysis of RBCs induced by hypotonic solution and heat stress. | [88] |
Antiallergic activity | Aqueous whole plant extract | Ovalbumin-induced allergic conjunctivitis on Dunkin–Hartley guinea pigs | Exhibited antiallergic effect possibly by immunomodulation or immunosuppression. | [90] |
Larvicidal activity | Ethanolic leaf extract | Larvicidal bioassay on mosquito larvae of Aedes aegypti | The extract showed effective mosquito larvicidal activity. | [100] |
Pesticidal activity | Ethanol extract of aerial parts | Brine shrimp lethality bioassay | Possess potent activity against the brine shrimp nauplii. | [7] |
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