Cost-Effectiveness of Oral Antidiabetic Drugs: A Prospective Multicenter Study of Real-World Patients
Table 6
Adjusted outcomes: point estimates.
HbA1c < 6.5%
Inci. of hypoglycemia
EQ-5D HRQoL
Inpatient cost
Outpatient cost
OTC drug cost
Total cost
Xiaoke Pill
0.12
0.07
0.00
−2.66
−0.52
−0.02
−3.20
(0.04)
(0.07)
(0.01)
(1.27)
(0.39)
(0.16)
(1.37)
Other TCMs
0.03
0.13
−0.00
−1.26
0.45
0.70
−0.12
(0.05)
(0.09)
(0.01)
(1.49)
(0.46)
(0.19)
(1.62)
Gliclazide
0.08
0.08
−0.02
−2.34
0.40
−0.10
−2.03
(0.05)
(0.09)
(0.01)
(1.52)
(0.47)
(0.19)
(1.65)
Acarbose
0.07
0.05
−0.01
0.16
1.28
0.34
1.78
(0.05)
(0.09)
(0.01)
(1.56)
(0.48)
(0.20)
(1.69)
Xiaoke Pill+
0.10
0.01
−0.02
−2.29
−0.03
0.05
−2.27
(0.05)
(0.08)
(0.01)
(1.38)
(0.43)
(0.18)
(1.50)
Glibenclamide
−0.05
0.08
0.00
−3.75
−0.17
−0.50
−4.42
(0.13)
(0.22)
(0.03)
(3.88)
(1.20)
(0.49)
(4.20)
Others
0.02
0.09
−0.00
−1.15
1.65
0.03
0.53
(0.03)
(0.06)
(0.01)
(1.04)
(0.32)
(0.13)
(1.13)
60 > age ≥ 50
−0.05
0.01
0.00
0.41
1.28
−0.02
1.67
(0.03)
(0.06)
(0.01)
(1.02)
(0.31)
(0.13)
(1.10)
70 > age ≥ 60
−0.11
−0.00
−0.01
2.18
1.03
0.14
3.36
(0.03)
(0.06)
(0.01)
(1.03)
(0.32)
(0.13)
(1.12)
Age ≥ 70
−0.10
−0.03
−0.04
2.71
1.19
0.19
4.10
(0.04)
(0.07)
(0.01)
(1.14)
(0.35)
(0.14)
(1.23)
Male
−0.00
−0.03
−0.00
0.64
−0.03
0.11
0.72
(0.02)
(0.04)
(0.01)
(0.75)
(0.23)
(0.10)
(0.81)
Lower secondary education
0.01
−0.09
0.00
0.04
0.26
0.16
0.45
(0.03)
(0.05)
(0.01)
(0.83)
(0.25)
(0.11)
(0.90)
Upper secondary education
−0.02
−0.03
0.00
0.53
0.80
0.56
1.89
(0.03)
(0.05)
(0.01)
(0.94)
(0.29)
(0.12)
(1.01)
Tertiary education
0.01
−0.01
0.01
−0.11
0.46
0.34
0.69
(0.04)
(0.07)
(0.01)
(1.16)
(0.36)
(0.15)
(1.26)
Shenyang
−0.04
0.56
−0.02
0.58
−6.94
1.93
−4.43
(0.04)
(0.06)
(0.01)
(1.07)
(0.33)
(0.14)
(1.16)
Chengdu
0.24
0.01
0.01
0.08
−3.14
0.78
−2.28
(0.04)
(0.06)
(0.01)
(1.09)
(0.34)
(0.14)
(1.18)
Nanjing
0.11
0.21
−0.00
0.11
−5.72
0.39
−5.22
(0.04)
(0.07)
(0.01)
(1.15)
(0.35)
(0.15)
(1.25)
Guangzhou
0.19
0.05
−0.00
0.07
−4.19
0.42
−3.71
(0.03)
(0.06)
(0.01)
(1.05)
(0.32)
(0.13)
(1.14)
2000 > income ≥ 1000
−0.03
−0.04
0.01
−0.11
0.62
0.01
0.52
(0.03)
(0.05)
(0.01)
(0.89)
(0.27)
(0.11)
(0.97)
Income ≥ 2000
0.01
−0.04
0.02
−0.26
1.09
−0.09
0.75
(0.03)
(0.06)
(0.01)
(1.01)
(0.31)
(0.13)
(1.09)
UEBMI
0.00
−0.03
0.00
0.58
0.13
−0.10
0.62
(0.03)
(0.05)
(0.01)
(0.80)
(0.25)
(0.10)
(0.87)
NRCM
0.04
0.13
0.00
−1.37
−0.73
−0.13
−2.22
(0.04)
(0.08)
(0.01)
(1.31)
(0.40)
(0.17)
(1.42)
Govern. insur.
0.00
−0.03
0.02
−2.12
−0.00
−0.15
−2.27
(0.05)
(0.09)
(0.01)
(1.50)
(0.46)
(0.19)
(1.62)
Currently smoking
−0.03
0.02
−0.00
0.53
−0.33
−0.14
0.07
(0.03)
(0.05)
(0.01)
(0.88)
(0.27)
(0.11)
(0.95)
Currently drinking
−0.03
−0.02
0.02
−0.28
−0.21
−0.17
−0.66
(0.03)
(0.05)
(0.01)
(0.79)
(0.24)
(0.10)
(0.86)
Any physical exercise
−0.03
−0.08
0.03
−1.54
−0.10
0.05
−1.58
(0.03)
(0.04)
(0.01)
(0.77)
(0.24)
(0.10)
(0.83)
Diet control
−0.03
0.03
−0.01
−0.64
0.64
−0.05
−0.05
(0.03)
(0.06)
(0.01)
(1.00)
(0.31)
(0.13)
(1.09)
Duration ≥ 5
−0.01
0.03
−0.01
0.06
0.40
0.09
0.54
(0.02)
(0.04)
(0.01)
(0.75)
(0.23)
(0.10)
(0.81)
Duration ≥ 10
−0.07
0.07
−0.01
1.34
0.44
0.42
2.20
(0.03)
(0.05)
(0.01)
(0.79)
(0.24)
(0.10)
(0.86)
Heart disease
0.07
0.04
−0.01
0.53
0.87
0.40
1.80
(0.03)
(0.05)
(0.01)
(0.79)
(0.24)
(0.10)
(0.86)
Hypertension
0.05
0.04
0.01
−0.51
0.93
−0.10
0.31
(0.02)
(0.04)
(0.01)
(0.68)
(0.21)
(0.09)
(0.74)
Dyslipidemia
−0.02
0.01
0.00
0.07
0.57
0.28
0.92
(0.03)
(0.05)
(0.01)
(0.80)
(0.25)
(0.10)
(0.87)
Stroke
−0.05
−0.04
−0.05
1.30
0.77
0.17
2.25
(0.04)
(0.07)
(0.01)
(1.13)
(0.35)
(0.14)
(1.22)
Baseline BMI
−0.02
0.01
0.00
−0.47
0.08
0.01
−0.38
(0.02)
(0.04)
(0.01)
(0.64)
(0.20)
(0.08)
(0.69)
Baseline HbA1c
0.26
0.03
0.00
−0.16
0.32
−0.01
0.15
(0.02)
(0.04)
(0.01)
(0.73)
(0.22)
(0.09)
(0.79)
Baseline FBS
0.12
0.09
0.00
−0.23
−0.19
0.02
−0.40
(0.02)
(0.04)
(0.01)
(0.70)
(0.22)
(0.09)
(0.76)
Baseline hypoglycemia
0.03
0.21
0.00
−0.88
0.09
0.08
−0.72
(0.03)
(0.05)
(0.01)
(0.95)
(0.29)
(0.12)
(1.02)
Baseline SBP
−0.06
−0.06
0.01
0.03
−0.24
0.14
−0.07
(0.02)
(0.04)
(0.01)
(0.74)
(0.23)
(0.09)
(0.81)
Baseline DBP
0.04
0.02
−0.02
0.53
−0.04
0.06
0.55
(0.03)
(0.05)
(0.01)
(0.81)
(0.25)
(0.10)
(0.87)
Baseline TC
−0.03
0.02
−0.00
−0.68
−0.10
0.17
−0.61
(0.02)
(0.04)
(0.01)
(0.65)
(0.20)
(0.08)
(0.70)
Baseline TG
0.03
−0.01
−0.00
1.06
−0.24
−0.09
0.74
(0.02)
(0.04)
(0.01)
(0.65)
(0.20)
(0.08)
(0.70)
Baseline HRQoL
−0.02
−0.11
0.05
−1.35
−0.30
−0.05
−1.70
(0.02)
(0.04)
(0.01)
(0.62)
(0.19)
(0.08)
(0.67)
Constant
0.24
0.24
0.86
4.45
4.56
−0.45
8.57
(0.07)
(0.13)
(0.02)
(2.21)
(0.68)
(0.28)
(2.39)
Observations
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
1903
Note: metformin is the reference group. Significance level: 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01. Inpatient cost, outpatient cost, medication cost, and total cost are measured with the unit of 1000 RMB.