Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Research Article

Cost-Effectiveness of Oral Antidiabetic Drugs: A Prospective Multicenter Study of Real-World Patients

Table 6

Adjusted outcomes: point estimates.


	HbA1c < 6.5%	Inci. of hypoglycemia	EQ-5D HRQoL	Inpatient cost	Outpatient cost	OTC drug cost	Total cost

Xiaoke Pill	0.12	0.07	0.00	−2.66	−0.52	−0.02	−3.20
Xiaoke Pill	(0.04)	(0.07)	(0.01)	(1.27)	(0.39)	(0.16)	(1.37)
Other TCMs	0.03	0.13	−0.00	−1.26	0.45	0.70	−0.12
Other TCMs	(0.05)	(0.09)	(0.01)	(1.49)	(0.46)	(0.19)	(1.62)
Gliclazide	0.08	0.08	−0.02	−2.34	0.40	−0.10	−2.03
Gliclazide	(0.05)	(0.09)	(0.01)	(1.52)	(0.47)	(0.19)	(1.65)
Acarbose	0.07	0.05	−0.01	0.16	1.28	0.34	1.78
Acarbose	(0.05)	(0.09)	(0.01)	(1.56)	(0.48)	(0.20)	(1.69)
Xiaoke Pill+	0.10	0.01	−0.02	−2.29	−0.03	0.05	−2.27
Xiaoke Pill+	(0.05)	(0.08)	(0.01)	(1.38)	(0.43)	(0.18)	(1.50)
Glibenclamide	−0.05	0.08	0.00	−3.75	−0.17	−0.50	−4.42
Glibenclamide	(0.13)	(0.22)	(0.03)	(3.88)	(1.20)	(0.49)	(4.20)
Others	0.02	0.09	−0.00	−1.15	1.65	0.03	0.53
Others	(0.03)	(0.06)	(0.01)	(1.04)	(0.32)	(0.13)	(1.13)
60 > age ≥ 50	−0.05	0.01	0.00	0.41	1.28	−0.02	1.67
60 > age ≥ 50	(0.03)	(0.06)	(0.01)	(1.02)	(0.31)	(0.13)	(1.10)
70 > age ≥ 60	−0.11	−0.00	−0.01	2.18	1.03	0.14	3.36
70 > age ≥ 60	(0.03)	(0.06)	(0.01)	(1.03)	(0.32)	(0.13)	(1.12)
Age ≥ 70	−0.10	−0.03	−0.04	2.71	1.19	0.19	4.10
Age ≥ 70	(0.04)	(0.07)	(0.01)	(1.14)	(0.35)	(0.14)	(1.23)
Male	−0.00	−0.03	−0.00	0.64	−0.03	0.11	0.72
Male	(0.02)	(0.04)	(0.01)	(0.75)	(0.23)	(0.10)	(0.81)
Lower secondary education	0.01	−0.09	0.00	0.04	0.26	0.16	0.45
Lower secondary education	(0.03)	(0.05)	(0.01)	(0.83)	(0.25)	(0.11)	(0.90)
Upper secondary education	−0.02	−0.03	0.00	0.53	0.80	0.56	1.89
Upper secondary education	(0.03)	(0.05)	(0.01)	(0.94)	(0.29)	(0.12)	(1.01)
Tertiary education	0.01	−0.01	0.01	−0.11	0.46	0.34	0.69
Tertiary education	(0.04)	(0.07)	(0.01)	(1.16)	(0.36)	(0.15)	(1.26)
Shenyang	−0.04	0.56	−0.02	0.58	−6.94	1.93	−4.43
Shenyang	(0.04)	(0.06)	(0.01)	(1.07)	(0.33)	(0.14)	(1.16)
Chengdu	0.24	0.01	0.01	0.08	−3.14	0.78	−2.28
Chengdu	(0.04)	(0.06)	(0.01)	(1.09)	(0.34)	(0.14)	(1.18)
Nanjing	0.11	0.21	−0.00	0.11	−5.72	0.39	−5.22
Nanjing	(0.04)	(0.07)	(0.01)	(1.15)	(0.35)	(0.15)	(1.25)
Guangzhou	0.19	0.05	−0.00	0.07	−4.19	0.42	−3.71
Guangzhou	(0.03)	(0.06)	(0.01)	(1.05)	(0.32)	(0.13)	(1.14)
2000 > income ≥ 1000	−0.03	−0.04	0.01	−0.11	0.62	0.01	0.52
2000 > income ≥ 1000	(0.03)	(0.05)	(0.01)	(0.89)	(0.27)	(0.11)	(0.97)
Income ≥ 2000	0.01	−0.04	0.02	−0.26	1.09	−0.09	0.75
Income ≥ 2000	(0.03)	(0.06)	(0.01)	(1.01)	(0.31)	(0.13)	(1.09)
UEBMI	0.00	−0.03	0.00	0.58	0.13	−0.10	0.62
UEBMI	(0.03)	(0.05)	(0.01)	(0.80)	(0.25)	(0.10)	(0.87)
NRCM	0.04	0.13	0.00	−1.37	−0.73	−0.13	−2.22
NRCM	(0.04)	(0.08)	(0.01)	(1.31)	(0.40)	(0.17)	(1.42)
Govern. insur.	0.00	−0.03	0.02	−2.12	−0.00	−0.15	−2.27
Govern. insur.	(0.05)	(0.09)	(0.01)	(1.50)	(0.46)	(0.19)	(1.62)
Currently smoking	−0.03	0.02	−0.00	0.53	−0.33	−0.14	0.07
Currently smoking	(0.03)	(0.05)	(0.01)	(0.88)	(0.27)	(0.11)	(0.95)
Currently drinking	−0.03	−0.02	0.02	−0.28	−0.21	−0.17	−0.66
Currently drinking	(0.03)	(0.05)	(0.01)	(0.79)	(0.24)	(0.10)	(0.86)
Any physical exercise	−0.03	−0.08	0.03	−1.54	−0.10	0.05	−1.58
Any physical exercise	(0.03)	(0.04)	(0.01)	(0.77)	(0.24)	(0.10)	(0.83)
Diet control	−0.03	0.03	−0.01	−0.64	0.64	−0.05	−0.05
Diet control	(0.03)	(0.06)	(0.01)	(1.00)	(0.31)	(0.13)	(1.09)
Duration ≥ 5	−0.01	0.03	−0.01	0.06	0.40	0.09	0.54
Duration ≥ 5	(0.02)	(0.04)	(0.01)	(0.75)	(0.23)	(0.10)	(0.81)
Duration ≥ 10	−0.07	0.07	−0.01	1.34	0.44	0.42	2.20
Duration ≥ 10	(0.03)	(0.05)	(0.01)	(0.79)	(0.24)	(0.10)	(0.86)
Heart disease	0.07	0.04	−0.01	0.53	0.87	0.40	1.80
Heart disease	(0.03)	(0.05)	(0.01)	(0.79)	(0.24)	(0.10)	(0.86)
Hypertension	0.05	0.04	0.01	−0.51	0.93	−0.10	0.31
Hypertension	(0.02)	(0.04)	(0.01)	(0.68)	(0.21)	(0.09)	(0.74)
Dyslipidemia	−0.02	0.01	0.00	0.07	0.57	0.28	0.92
Dyslipidemia	(0.03)	(0.05)	(0.01)	(0.80)	(0.25)	(0.10)	(0.87)
Stroke	−0.05	−0.04	−0.05	1.30	0.77	0.17	2.25
Stroke	(0.04)	(0.07)	(0.01)	(1.13)	(0.35)	(0.14)	(1.22)
Baseline BMI	−0.02	0.01	0.00	−0.47	0.08	0.01	−0.38
Baseline BMI	(0.02)	(0.04)	(0.01)	(0.64)	(0.20)	(0.08)	(0.69)
Baseline HbA1c	0.26	0.03	0.00	−0.16	0.32	−0.01	0.15
Baseline HbA1c	(0.02)	(0.04)	(0.01)	(0.73)	(0.22)	(0.09)	(0.79)
Baseline FBS	0.12	0.09	0.00	−0.23	−0.19	0.02	−0.40
Baseline FBS	(0.02)	(0.04)	(0.01)	(0.70)	(0.22)	(0.09)	(0.76)
Baseline hypoglycemia	0.03	0.21	0.00	−0.88	0.09	0.08	−0.72
Baseline hypoglycemia	(0.03)	(0.05)	(0.01)	(0.95)	(0.29)	(0.12)	(1.02)
Baseline SBP	−0.06	−0.06	0.01	0.03	−0.24	0.14	−0.07
Baseline SBP	(0.02)	(0.04)	(0.01)	(0.74)	(0.23)	(0.09)	(0.81)
Baseline DBP	0.04	0.02	−0.02	0.53	−0.04	0.06	0.55
Baseline DBP	(0.03)	(0.05)	(0.01)	(0.81)	(0.25)	(0.10)	(0.87)
Baseline TC	−0.03	0.02	−0.00	−0.68	−0.10	0.17	−0.61
Baseline TC	(0.02)	(0.04)	(0.01)	(0.65)	(0.20)	(0.08)	(0.70)
Baseline TG	0.03	−0.01	−0.00	1.06	−0.24	−0.09	0.74
Baseline TG	(0.02)	(0.04)	(0.01)	(0.65)	(0.20)	(0.08)	(0.70)
Baseline HRQoL	−0.02	−0.11	0.05	−1.35	−0.30	−0.05	−1.70
Baseline HRQoL	(0.02)	(0.04)	(0.01)	(0.62)	(0.19)	(0.08)	(0.67)
Constant	0.24	0.24	0.86	4.45	4.56	−0.45	8.57
Constant	(0.07)	(0.13)	(0.02)	(2.21)	(0.68)	(0.28)	(2.39)

Observations	1903	1903	1903	1903	1903	1903	1903

Note: metformin is the reference group. Significance level: 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01. Inpatient cost, outpatient cost, medication cost, and total cost are measured with the unit of 1000 RMB.