|
Activity tested | Plant part | Extract | Experimental procedures | Dosage concentration | Results | References |
|
Antioxidant | Whole plant | 80% ethanol | 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. | 200–800 ppm | Showed a concentration-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity. | [12] |
Leaves | Deionized water | Determination of peroxide values according to AOCS method. | 0–800 ppm | Rate of peroxide values in pork lard and soybean oil containing M. loriformis have been reduced. | [12] |
Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. | NAD | Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of M. loriformis extract was 4.14 mM Fe (II)/g dry wt and 46.96 mg GAE/g dry wt, respectively. | [26] |
Determination of total phenolic content using Folin-Ciocalteu method. | NAD | Increased temperature of extraction extremely decreased the DPPH radical scavenging activity. |
NAD | Water | Investigation the effect of time and temperature on antioxidant activity of M. loriformis by DPPH assay. | NAD | Increased time of extraction slightly increased the total phenolic content of the extract. | [41] |
Folin-Ciocalteu method. | NAD | Total phenolic content of the extract was less <10 mg GAE/g extract. |
NAD | 95% methanol | Folin-Ciocalteu method. | 0.05–500 µg/mL | Exhibited a concentration-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity. | [42] |
DPPH assay. | 1000 µg/mL | Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were quantified in M. loriformis extract. |
Determination of pigment content according to Lichtenthaler and Wellburn [47]. |
|
Antimutagenicity | Whole plant | 80% ethanol | Salmonella mutation assay | 0.1–1.0 g/kg body weight | M. loriformis showed antimutagenicity activity by its inhibitory effects on azoxymethane-induced DNA methylation and aberrant crypt focus formation in male F344 rats. | [10, 15] |
Whole plant | Methanol | Salmonella mutation assay. | 0.05 µg | Methanol extract showed antimutagenicity activity against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) mutagenesis in the short term. | [46] |
Whole plant | 80% ethanol | Competitive enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). | 3 g/kg body weight | Multiple doses of treatments have decreased AF–albumin adduct levels. | [16] |
|
Anticancer | Whole plant | 80% ethanol | MTT assay. Cytotoxicity of M. loriformis was determined against breast (MCF7) and colon (HT29) cancer cell lines | 20–100 µg/mL | Moderate cytotoxic activity ED50 less than 10 µg/mL. | [7] |
Whole plant | 95% ethanol | Cytotoxicity of M. loriformis was examined against immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT), oral epithelial (HN4) and carcinoma cell lines of head and neck squamous (HN12), breast (MCF7) and colon (HT29). | 0–10.0 mg/plate | Showed antiproliferative effect on HT29 and MCF7 cells. | [45] |
No effect on HaCaT, HN4 and HN12 cell. |
|
Anti-inflammatory | Aerial part | 80% ethanol | Carrageenan- and arachidonic acid (AA)-induced paw edema in rat’s assay. | 100–400 mg/kg | M. loriformis extract significantly reduced the carrageenan-induced edema formation of the rat paw. | [13, 48] |
100–400 mg/kg | Inhibited of AA-induced paw edema in dose-dependent manner. |
Cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rat’s assay. | 400 mg/kg | M. loriformis extract significantly lowered the transudative weight. The inhibitory effect of granuloma formation was well correlated with their transudative weight. |
Evaluation of the ulcerogenic effect. | 400 mg/kg | M. loriformis did not affect the gastric mucosa of rats (ulcer index = 0). |
|
Immunomodulatory effect | NAD | Pressed and added of 50–100 mL water. (Herb juice) | In vitro cellular immunological assays. | 500 µg/mL (herbal juice) | Herb juice and isolated compound namely glycosphingolipid β-O-D-glucopyranosyl-2-(2′-hydroxy-Z-6′-enecosamide) sphingosine have increased PBMC proliferation in the presence of the mitogen PHA (phytohemagglutinin). | [11] |
Ethanol (isolated compound) | 0.01 µg/mL (isolated compound) | Both increase the expression of CD 3,4:CD 3,8 ratio in T lymphocytes. |
Whole plant | 80% ethanol | Lymphocyte activation assay. | 1–200 µg/mL | Decrease of T- and B-cell proliferation with the presence and absence of mitogen. | [24] |
Water | Lymphocyte activation assay. | 1–200 µg/mL | The water extract significantly decreased PHA and pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced lymphocyte proliferation. |
|
Antipyretic | Aerial part | 80% ethanol | Yeast-induced hyperthermia assay | 400 mg/kg | Reduced the rectal temperature to normal in 30 min and lasted for 180 min. | [13] |
|
Analgesic | Aerial part | 80% ethanol | Formalin test | 20–80 mg/kg | Reduced the licking time in early and late phases. | [12] |
|
Antimicrobial | Whole plant | NAD | Disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. | 1.25 mg/mL | Have no activity against Propionibacterium acnes. | [9] |
Inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis at MIC value of 1.25 mg/mL. However, the MBC value was >5 mg/mL. |
Whole plant | 95% ethanol | Antibacterial and antifungal assays. | 1 mg/mL | Inhibited the growth of B. subtilis under the influence of UV light with zone inhibition diameter of 8–12 mm. | [23] |
M. loriformis extract was tested for light- mediated activities against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus K147 methicillin-sensitive (Ms), Escherichia coli DC10, E. coli (wild), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 187 (wild), Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. |
|
Antibacterial | Whole plant | Ethanol | Disc diffusion method. M. loriformis was investigated against S. aureus | 0.5–5000 µg/mL | No antibacterial activity. | [43, 49, 50] |
|
Gastroprotective activity | Whole plant | 80% ethanol | Gastroprotective activity studies using three different models: EtOH/HCl, indomethacin, and restraint water immersion stress. | 100–400 mg/kg | M. loriformis extract significantly inhibited gastric ulcer formation induced by EtOH/HCl, indomethacin and stress. | [14] |
Gastric visible mucus secretion. | 400 mg/kg | Significantly increased the amount of gastric wall mucus. |
Pylorus ligation. | 400 mg/kg | Reduced gastric acid secretion in the pylorus ligation model. |
|
Inhibition of pancreatic lipase and pancreatic cholesterol esterase, cholesterol micelle formation and bile acid binding. | Whole plant | Water | Pancreatic lipase inhibition assay. | NAD | Inhibited pancreatic lipase activity in dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 0.11 ± 0.01 mg/mL). | [51] |
Pancreatic cholesterol esterase inhibition assay. | NAD | Inhibited pancreatic cholesterol esterase activity about 10–22% ((IC50 => 3 mg/mL). |
Cholesterol micellization assay. | 10 mg/mL | Moderated cholesterol micellization inhibition (18.01 ± 1.44%) |
Bile acid binding assay. | 1 mg/mL | M. loriformis extract has bind to glycodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid and taurodeoxycholic acid at 30.31 ± 6.88%, 28.70 ± 2.08% and 6.52 ± 0.88%, respectively. |
|
Inhibition of α-glucosidase, pancreatic α-amylase and protein glycation activities. | Whole plant | Water | Phytochemical analysis. | NAD | The total phenolic, flavonoid and condensed tannin content of M. loriformis extract were 12.2 ± 2.6, 4.34 ± 0.12 and 100.7 ± 19.0 mg/g extract, respectively. | [39] |
Intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory assay. | NAD | Showed moderate α-glucosidase inhibition; IC50 maltase (3.43 ± 0.18 mg/mL) and sucrose (3.46 ± 0.04 mg/mL). |
Pancreatic α-amylase inhibition assay. | NAD | The IC50 values for α-amylase of M. loriformis extract was 0.86 ± 0.10 mg/mL. |
Protein glycation inhibitory assay. | 1 mg/mL | Inhibition of glycation in fructose-mediated nonenzymatic glycation by 34.63% at week 1. However, the inhibition percentage slightly decreased at weeks 2–4 (33.02–28.76%). |
|