Warm Footbaths with Sinapis nigra or Zingiber officinale Enhance Self-Reported Vitality in Healthy Adults More than Footbaths with Warm Water Only: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Table 1
Baseline (t0) characteristics of study’s participants.
Group (number)
a (n = 3)
b (n = 3)
c (n = 3)
d (n = 3)
e (n = 2)
f (n = 3)
Footbath sequence
MU − WA − GI
MU − GI − WA
WA − GI − MU
WA − MU − GI
GI − MU − WA
GI − WA − MU
Demographic
Age, years
21.00 ± 2.65
22.67 ± 2.08
23.00 ± 1.73
24.00 ± 3.61
19.50 ± 0.71
21.67 ± 1.15
BMI, kg/m2
22.87 ± 1.89
24.24 ± 8.43
21.06 ± 0.90
23.16 ± 4.40
23.90 ± 0.18
21.87 ± 1.15
Sex, female n (%)
2 (66.67)
2 (66.67)
2 (66.67)
2 (66.67)
1 (50.00)
2 (66.67)
Basler Befindlichkeit questionnaire (BBS)
Vitalitya
18.67 ± 3.39
19.33 ± 4.44
16.56 ± 5.20
17.33 ± 2.40
15.33 ± 5.89
19.67 ± 3.64
Intrapsychic balancea
22.33 ± 3.64
21.33 ± 3.50
22.67 ± 4.42
23.67 ± 1.41
22.50 ± 3.73
23.56 ± 3.32
Vigilancea
19.44 ± 3.13
18.11 ± 4.96
16.67 ± 3.20
19.78 ± 4.68
18.83 ± 7.19
19.33 ± 3.35
Social extroversiona
17.44 ± 4.39
15.89 ± 3.69
15.11 ± 3.37
20.00 ± 4.42
19.67 ± 3.50
17.00 ± 3.28
Total sum scoreb
77.89 ± 11.32
74.67 ± 10.46
71.00 ± 12.27
80.78 ± 8.94
76.33 ± 19.48
79.56 ± 10.96
Cardiorespiratory parameters
SDNN, ms
47.24 ± 10.87
49.06 ± 24.77
47.44 ± 9.94
52.33 ± 22.85
66.50 ± 19.14
46.43 ± 14.82
RMSSD, ms
24.42 ± 7.08
27.65 ± 15.46
29.18 ± 4.33
30.79 ± 16.58
47.85 ± 20.24
28.55 ± 10.16
LF/HF-ratio
7.03 ± 6.07
3.08 ± 1.98
4.23 ± 4.46
2.85 ± 1.11
2.21 ± 1.35
2.42 ± 1.75
Stress index, pts.
182.48 ± 91.74
234.78 ± 195.89
196.09 ± 90.90
181.18 ± 119.00
98.45 ± 57.35
176.30 ± 102.36
Respiration rate, 1/min
16.48 ± 2.08
18.90 ± 4.54
17.02 ± 1.23
14.48 ± 2.58
14.75 ± 2.22
19.35 ± 0.66
Notes: data are means ± SD of all participants; if not, otherwise indicated. WA = water only condition, GI = ginger added to water, MU = mustard added to WA. a[4; 28]; b[16; 112].