Warm Footbaths with Sinapis nigra or Zingiber officinale Enhance Self-Reported Vitality in Healthy Adults More than Footbaths with Warm Water Only: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Table 1

Baseline (t0) characteristics of study’s participants.

Group (number)	a (n = 3)	b (n = 3)	c (n = 3)	d (n = 3)	e (n = 2)	f (n = 3)
Footbath sequence	MU − WA − GI	MU − GI − WA	WA − GI − MU	WA − MU − GI	GI − MU − WA	GI − WA − MU
Demographic
Age, years	21.00 ± 2.65	22.67 ± 2.08	23.00 ± 1.73	24.00 ± 3.61	19.50 ± 0.71	21.67 ± 1.15
BMI, kg/m^2	22.87 ± 1.89	24.24 ± 8.43	21.06 ± 0.90	23.16 ± 4.40	23.90 ± 0.18	21.87 ± 1.15
Sex, female n (%)	2 (66.67)	2 (66.67)	2 (66.67)	2 (66.67)	1 (50.00)	2 (66.67)
Basler Befindlichkeit questionnaire (BBS)
Vitality^a	18.67 ± 3.39	19.33 ± 4.44	16.56 ± 5.20	17.33 ± 2.40	15.33 ± 5.89	19.67 ± 3.64
Intrapsychic balance^a	22.33 ± 3.64	21.33 ± 3.50	22.67 ± 4.42	23.67 ± 1.41	22.50 ± 3.73	23.56 ± 3.32
Vigilance^a	19.44 ± 3.13	18.11 ± 4.96	16.67 ± 3.20	19.78 ± 4.68	18.83 ± 7.19	19.33 ± 3.35
Social extroversion^a	17.44 ± 4.39	15.89 ± 3.69	15.11 ± 3.37	20.00 ± 4.42	19.67 ± 3.50	17.00 ± 3.28
Total sum score^b	77.89 ± 11.32	74.67 ± 10.46	71.00 ± 12.27	80.78 ± 8.94	76.33 ± 19.48	79.56 ± 10.96
Cardiorespiratory parameters
SDNN, ms	47.24 ± 10.87	49.06 ± 24.77	47.44 ± 9.94	52.33 ± 22.85	66.50 ± 19.14	46.43 ± 14.82
RMSSD, ms	24.42 ± 7.08	27.65 ± 15.46	29.18 ± 4.33	30.79 ± 16.58	47.85 ± 20.24	28.55 ± 10.16
LF/HF-ratio	7.03 ± 6.07	3.08 ± 1.98	4.23 ± 4.46	2.85 ± 1.11	2.21 ± 1.35	2.42 ± 1.75
Stress index, pts.	182.48 ± 91.74	234.78 ± 195.89	196.09 ± 90.90	181.18 ± 119.00	98.45 ± 57.35	176.30 ± 102.36
Respiration rate, 1/min	16.48 ± 2.08	18.90 ± 4.54	17.02 ± 1.23	14.48 ± 2.58	14.75 ± 2.22	19.35 ± 0.66

Notes: data are means ± SD of all participants; if not, otherwise indicated. WA = water only condition, GI = ginger added to water, MU = mustard added to WA. ^a[4; 28]; ^b[16; 112].