Warm Footbaths with Sinapis nigra or Zingiber officinale Enhance Self-Reported Vitality in Healthy Adults More than Footbaths with Warm Water Only: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Table 3
Change in study’s outcome measures from t0 to t1 (∆t1 − t0) and t0 to t2 (∆t2 − t0) as a function of footbath condition.
∆t1 − t0
∆t2 − t0
Diff
95% CI (L; H)
|d|
Diff
95% CI (L; H)
|d|
Basler Befindlichkeit questionnaire (BBS)
Vitalitya
WA
0.53
(−0.61; 1.67)
0.13
1.29
(−0.40; 2.99)
0.35
MU
1.59
(0.40; 2.78)
0.35
1.00
(−0.35; 2.35)
0.20
GI
2.82
(0.19; 5.45)
0.66
2.41
(−0.05; 4.87)
0.57
Intrapsychic balancea
WA
0.53
(−0.86; 1.92)
0.14
0.00
(−1.37; 1.37)
0.00
MU
0.88
(−0.80; 2.57)
0.35
0.94
(−0.82; 2.70)
0.35
GI
0.12
(−1.51; 1.74)
0.04
0.00
(−2.30; 2.30)
0.00
Vigilancea
WA
−0.59
(−2.04; 0.87)
0.16
−1.06
(−2.83; 0.71)
0.27
MU
0.88
(−1.00; 2.76)
0.17
0.00
(−2.26; 2.26)
0.00
GI
1.35
(−1.50; 4.21)
0.33
0.35
(−2.42; 3.13)
0.08
Social extroversiona
WA
−0.29
(−1.97; 1.38)
0.06
−0.24
(−2.14; 1.67)
0.05
MU
0.24
(−1.33; 1.80)
0.07
−0.12
(−1.83; 1.60)
0.03
GI
0.71
(−1.06; 2.48)
0.18
0.82
(−0.84; 2.49)
0.22
Total sum scoreb
WA
0.18
(−4.26; 4.62)
0.01
0.00
(−5.49; 5.49)
0.00
MU
3.65
(−0.53; 7.82)
0.30
1.88
(−3.48; 7.25)
0.15
GI
4.94
(−1.91; 11.79)
0.43
3.53
(−4.04; 11.10)
0.30
Cardiorespiratory parameters
SDNN, ms
WA
1.82
(−6.02; 9.67)
0.09
9.08
(2.59; 15.56)
0.49
MU
4.40
(−5.64; 14.44)
0.29
8.33
(0.31; 16.36)
0.57
GI
-3.79
(−10.71; 3.12)
0.23
11.75
(3.15; 20.34)
0.61
RMSSD, ms
WA
0.82
(−3.93; 5.57)
0.06
3.92
(0.03; 7.81)
0.27
MU
1.68
(−4.25; 7.61)
0.14
3.75
(−1.70; 9.21)
0.29
GI
1.35
(−3.05; 5.75)
0.10
4.71
(−0.36; 9.78)
0.34
LF/HF-Ratio
WA
−0.11
(−1.49; 1.27)
0.05
0.03
(−1.08; 1.13)
0.01
MU
−0.72
(−2.10; 0.66)
0.27
−0.34
(−2.33; 1.66)
0.12
GI
−1.39
(−3.59; 0.81)
0.38
−1.24
(−3.33; 0.85)
0.33
Stress index, pts.
WA
−22.80
(−48.21; 2.60)
0.21
−61.60
(−106.30;-16.91)
0.66
MU
−35.45
(-99.77; 28.86)
0.33
−61.55
(−112.53;-10.57)
0.66
GI
0.63
(−29.42; 30.67)
0.00
−43.23
(−91.05; 4.60)
0.42
Respiration rate, 1/min
WA
0.56
(−0.57; 1.70)
0.18
−0.40
(−1.68; 0.88)
0.13
MU
0.59
(−0.36; 1.53)
0.23
0.59
(−0.63; 1.81)
0.24
GI
0.91
(−0.57; 2.39)
0.36
0.14
(−1.26; 1.53)
0.06
Notes: data are means ± SD of all participants. WA = water only condition, GI = ginger added to water, MU = mustard added to WA, t0 = baseline, t1 = after immersion, t2 = follow-up, Diff = mean difference, CI = confidence intervals, L = lower confidence limit, H = upper confidence limit, d = Cohen’s d effect size). a[4; 28]; b[16; 112]. Bold indicates confidence intervals that do not contain zero.