Warm Footbaths with Sinapis nigra or Zingiber officinale Enhance Self-Reported Vitality in Healthy Adults More than Footbaths with Warm Water Only: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Table 4

Mean values for cardiorespiratory parameters at t0, t1, and t2 and between-substance differences as a function of time.

	Mean ± SD				Mean difference (95% CI); |Cohen’s d|
		WA	MU	GI	∆WA − MU	∆WA − GI	∆MU − GI
SDNN, ms	t0	52.91 ± 20.58	46.81 ± 16.31	52.13 ± 17.53	6.09 (−6.91; 19.09); 0.33	0.78 (−12.59; 14.15); 0.04	−5.31 (−17.14; 6.52); 0.31
	t1	54.73 ± 17.83	51.21 ± 14.50	48.34 ± 14.91	3.52 (−7.86; 14.89); 0.22	6.40 (−5.10; 17.89); 0.39	2.88 (−7.40; 13.15); 0.20
	t2	61.99 ± 16.42	55.15 ± 12.57	63.87 ± 21.08	6.84 (−3.41; 17.08); 0.47	−1.89 (−15.12; 11.34); 0.10	−8.73 (−20.96; 3.51); 0.50
RMSSD, ms	t0	30.20 ± 14.17	28.72 ± 13.59	32.40 ± 14.81	1.48 (−8.22; 11.18); 0.11	−2.20 (−12.33; 7.93); 0.15	−3.69 (−13.62; 6.25); 0.26
	t1	31.02 ± 13.89	30.40 ± 9.88	33.76 ± 12.75	0.62 (−7.84; 9.08); 0.05	−2.74 (−12.05; 6.58); 0.21	−3.36 (−11.35; 4.63); 0.29
	t2	34.12 ± 14.33	32.47 ± 12.15	37.11 ± 12.94	1.65 (−7.64; 10.94); 0.12	−2.99 (−12.53; 6.55); 0.22	−4.64 (−13.41; 4.13); 0.37
LF/HF-Ratio	t0	3.68 ± 2.29	3.60 ± 3.45	3.88 ± 4.96	0.08 (−1.98; 2.14); 0.03	−0.20 (−2.94; 2.54); 0.05	−0.29 (−3.28; 2.71); 0.07
	t1	3.57 ± 1.58	2.87 ± 1.44	2.49 ± 1.71	0.70 (−0.35; 1.76); 0.46	1.08 (−0.07; 2.23); 0.66	0.38 (−0.72; 1.49); 0.24
	t2	3.71 ± 2.06	3.26 ± 2.06	2.64 ± 1.76	0.45 (−0.99; 1.89); 0.22	1.06 (−0.27; 2.40); 0.56	0.62 (−0.72; 1.96); 0.32
Stress index, pts.	t0	175.75 ± 115.04	197.06 ± 119.96	175.92 ± 131.30	−21.31(−103.42; 60.81); 0.18	−0.17 (−86.47; 86.13); 0.00	21.14(−66.75; 109.03); 0.17
	t1	152.95 ± 99.45	161.60 ± 89.76	176.54 ± 134.93	−8.65 (−74.87; 57.56); 0.09	−23.60(−106.69; 59.50); 0.20	−14.94(−95.48; 65.59); 0.13
	t2	114.15 ± 66.23	135.50 ± 52.80	132.69 ± 65.22	−21.36 (−63.29; 20.57); 0.36	−18.54 (−64.47; 27.38); 0.28	2.81 (−38.72; 44.34); 0.05
Respiration rate, 1/min	t0	17.39 ± 3.42	16.20 ± 2.95	17.26 ± 2.79	1.19 (−1.04; 3.43); 0.37	0.14 (−2.05; 2.32); 0.04	−1.06 (−3.06; 0.95); 0.37
	t1	17.96 ± 2.70	16.79 ± 2.08	18.17 ± 2.30	1.17 (−0.52; 2.86); 0.48	−0.21 (−1.97; 1.55); 0.08	−1.38 (−2.91; 0.16); 0.63
	t2	17.00 ± 2.48	16.79 ± 1.84	17.40 ± 1.78	0.21 (−1.32; 1.74); 0.10	−0.40 (−1.91; 1.11); 0.19	−0.61 (−1.87; 0.66); 0.34

Notes: WA = water only condition, GI = ginger added to water, MU = mustard added to WA, t0 = baseline, t1 = after immersion, t2 = follow-up, CI = confidence intervals.