Comparison between Acupuncture and Nicotine Replacement Therapies for Smoking Cessation Based on Randomized Controlled Trials: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis

Table 1

The characteristics of 23 included trials.

Study	Interventions	N	Proportion of females (%)	Mean age (year) (experimental group versus control group)	Dropout n (%)	Duration of treatment (T) and follow-up (F)	Outcomes
MacHovec et al., 1978	AT versus SAT	24	0	37	Not reported	T: 1 month; F: 6 months	Abstinence rate (short-term)
Lamontagne et al., 1980	AT versus SAT	65	Not reported	33.2 ± 7.9/35.1 ± 6.8	Not reported	T: 1 month; F: 6 months	Abstinence rate (short-term and long-term)
Zhang et al., 2004	AT versus SAT	60	0	25.70 ± 4.40/25.43 ± 3.66	Not reported	T: 4 weeks; F: 1 year	Abstinence rate (short-term)
Wu et al., 2007	AT versus SAT	118	15.25	54.3 ± 16.9/53.0 ± 16.9	AT:5 (8.47); SAT:8 (13.56)	T: 8 weeks; F: 6 months	Abstinence rate (short-term), mean daily smoking amount, FTND score
Hyun et al., 2010	AT versus SAT	80	6.25	40.0/42.0	AT:16 (42.1); SAT:18 (42.86)	T: 2 weeks; F: 2 weeks	MNWS score, BDI score, BAI score
Chae et al., 2011	AT versus SAT	29	0	24.9 ± 2.6/25.0 ± 3.4	Not reported	T: 3 weeks; F: 8 months	Exhaled CO level, HRV during visual cues, distraction to smoking cues, belief in and credibility of acupuncture, blinding indices
Kang et al., 2013	AT versus SAT	25	0	25.2 ± 2.0/24.8 ± 1.6	Not reported	Not reported	Exhaled CO level, craving scores to smoking-related visual cues
Ma et al., 2014	AT versus SAT	136	25.74	37–45	AT:12 (17.65); SAT:14 (20.59)	T: 8 weeks; F: 6 months	Abstinence rate (short-term)
Wang et al., 2006	AA versus NRT	204	9.80	20–64	Not reported	T: 20 days; F:/	Abstinence rate (short-term)
Li et al., 2009	AA versus SAA	140	23.57	38.23 ± 9.7/38.26 ± 9.56	AA:1 (1.43); SAA:3 (4.29)	T: 4 weeks; F: 3 months	Abstinence rate (short-term)
Yeh et al., 2009	AA versus SAA	79	Not reported	28 ± 7.79/27 ± 7.63	AA:9(23.08); SAA:11(27.5)	T: 6 weeks; F:/	Abstinence rate (short-term), serum cotinine levels, cigarette consumption, exhaled CO level
Wing et al., 2010	AA versus SAA	70	30.00	46.5 ± 12.36/46.4 ± 11.36	Not reported	T: 3 weeks; F: 3 months	Abstinence rate (short-term), exhaled CO level, daily smoking amount
Ayse A-D, 2011	AA versus SAA	47	36.17	33.8 ± 10.26/34.0 ± 10.43	Not reported	T: 1 month; F: 6 months	Abstinence rate (short-term and long-term), exhaled CO level, FTND score, BDI score
Zhang et al., 2013	AA versus SAA	43	58.14	50.4 ± 11.49/49.8 ± 8.53	Not reported	T: 8 weeks; F: 3 months	Abstinence rate (short-term), cigarette consumption, daily smoking amount
Silva Rd.e et al., 2014	AA versus SAA	30	66.67	41	Not reported	T: 5 weeks; F: 1 month	Exhaled CO level, FTND score, daily smoking amount
Lee et al., 2016	AA versus SAA	60	0	22.67 ± 2.02/22.19 ± 2.02	AA:3 (10.00) SAA:4 (13.33)	T: 6 weeks; F:/	FTND score, exhaled CO level, self-efficacy for smoking cessation
Han, 2006	APAA versus AA	42	40.48	Not reported	Not reported	T: 10 days; F: 1 month	Abstinence rate (short-term)
Liu et al., 2015	APAA versus AA	48	20.83	42 ± 8/40 ± 6	Not reported	T: 4 weeks; F:/	Abstinence rate (short-term), daily smoking amount, FTND score, score of the tobacco dependence self-rating scale
Steiner et al., 1982	APAA versus SAT	32	34.38	Not reported	APAA:5 (31.25); SAT:4 (25.00)	T: 2 weeks; F:/	Abstinence rate (short-term), group mean change in daily cigarette consumption, Tehchi sensations reported by treatment group
Clavel F et al., 1985	AT versus NRT	429	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	T: 1 month; F: 13 months	Abstinence rate (short-term and long-term)
Clavel F et al., 1997	AT versus NRT	485	55	All 34	Not reported	T: 6 months; F: 4 years	Abstinence rate (short-term and long-term), exhaled CO level, FTND score, BDI score
Zhang et al., 2017	AT versus NRT	60	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	T: 30 days; F:/	Abstinence rate (short-term)
Chai et al., 2019	AT versus AA versus APAA versus NRT	400	6.5	43 ± 14/45 ± 14/46 ± 13/45 ± 14	Not reported	T: 8 weeks; F: 16 weeks	Abstinence rate (short-term and long-term), FTND score, HIS score