Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Research Article

Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Swarming Properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Calyx Extracts: In Vitro and In Silico Modelling Approaches

Table 3

Determination of MICs, MBCs, and MBC/MIC ratio of H. sabdariffa methanolic and aqueous extracts compared with amphotericin and ampicillin.


	H. sabdariffa aqueous extract				H. sabdariffa methanolic extract				Ampicillin
	IZ	MIC	MBC	MBC/MIC ratio	IZ	MIC	MBC	MBC/MIC ratio	IZ	MIC	MBC

S. aureus ATCC 25923	18 ± 0^a	2.342	9.375	4	17 ± 1^a	2.342	4.68	2	26.66 ± 1.15 ^b	0.25	0.40
S. epidermidis CIP 106510	19 ± 2^b	2.342	9.375	4	15.33 ± 0.57^a	2.342	4.68	2	22.67 ± 0.57^c	0.25	0.40
E. coli ATCC 35218	17 ± 1^b	2.342	9.375	4	15 ± 1^b	2.342	9.375	4	11.67 ± 1.52^a	0.023	3
L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115	21 ± 1^c	9.375	18.75	2	16.66 ± 0.57^b	2.342	9.375	4	12.33 ± 0.57^a	0.023	0.093
E. faecalis ATCC 29212	19.33 ± 0.57^c	9.375	37.5	4	18 ± 0^b	2.342	9.375	4	13.66 ± 0.57^a	0.023	0.093
S. typhimurium ATCC 1408	18 ± 0^a	9.375	>75	>4	17 ± 2^a	2.342	9.375	4	17.33 ± 1.15^a	0.023	0.093
B. cereus ATCC 11778	20 ± 2^a	9.375	18.75	2	19.33 ± 0.57^a	2.342	9.375	4	26.33 ± 1.52^b	0.25	0.40
V. parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802	17.33 ± 0.57^b	9.375	37.5	4	17.33 ± 0.57^b	2.342	9.375	4	13.33 ± 0.57^a	0.011	3
P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853	16 ± 2^a	9.375	18.75	2	18.33 ± 1.52^a	2.342	9.375	4	22.66 ± 0.57^b	0.011	1.5

Yeasts	IZ	MIC	MFC	MFC/MIC ratio	IZ	MIC	MFC	MFC/MIC ratio	Amphotericin B
Yeasts	IZ	MIC	MFC	MFC/MIC ratio	IZ	MIC	MFC	MFC/MIC ratio	IZ	MIC	MFC

Candida albicans ATCC 2019	15 ± 1^a	9.375	37.5	4	14.33 ± 0.57^a	9.375	37.5	4	14.66 ± 0.57^a	0.024	0.781
Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019	14 ± 1^b	9.375	37.5	4	15 ± 1^b	9.375	37.5	4	10.33 ± 0.57^a	0.195	0.39
Candida krusei ATCC 6258	17.66 ± 1.52^b	9.375	37.5	4	10 ± 1^a	9.375	18.75	2	12 ± 0 ^a	0.097	0.195
Candida tropicalis ATCC 06-085	17 ± 1^c	9.375	37.5	4	15 ± 1^b	9.375	37.5	4	6 ± 0^a	0.39	0.25

The diameter of the disc is 6 mm. The letters (a–c) indicate a significant difference between the different inhibition zones according to the Duncan test (). MIC: minimal inhibitory concentration expressed as mg/ml; MBC: minimal bactericidal concentration expressed as mg/ml; MFC: minimal fungicidal concentration expressed as mg/ml.