Cruciferous Vegetables and Their Bioactive Metabolites: from Prevention to Novel Therapies of Colorectal Cancer

Table 7

Some cell culture studies on glucosinolates and colorectal cancer.

Study design	Basic findings	References
Two human colorectal cancer (p53-wild-type and p53-knockout; HCT116) cells exposed to sulforaphane in vitro and in vivo	Sulforaphane activated Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzymes in both cells, decreased apoptotic protein expression in wild-type cells but increased in knockout cells in a dose-dependent manner, and increased the expression of a mitochondrial biogenesis marker, PGC1α in wild-type cells but decreased in knockout cells.	[80]
The effects of sulforaphane and a coculture with Lactobacillus-treated in human colon cancer HCT116 and SW480 cells and normal human colon epithelial CCD 841 CoN cells	Sulforaphane enhances apoptosis in human colon cancer cells under coculture with lactobacillus-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells by the TNFα signalling pathway.	[81]
Human colorectal cancer cell lines DLD1, HCT116, HT-29, LS513, and RKO exposed to indole-3-carbinol	Multiple colorectal cancer cell types express increased CYP1A1 mRNA levels following treatment with indole-3-carbinol. Moreover, indole-3-carbinol induced a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability and apoptosis.	[82]
Human colon cancer cell lines DLD-1 and SW480 treated with different concentrations of phenethyl isothiocyanate	Phenethyl isothiocyanate significantly reduced the size and number of colorectal cancer cell spheroids and induced the apoptosis of colorectal cancer stem cells. As well, phenethyl isothiocyanate decreased the expression of cancer stem cell markers.	[83]
Human melanoma A375.S2 cell line exposed to phenethyl isothiocyanate and benzyl isothiocyanate	Sublethal concentrations of these components inhibited the mobility, migration, and invasion of A375.S2 cells. Also, they can inhibit the metastasis’s expression of MAPKs, MMP-2, MMP-9, ecadherin, and NF-κB in A375.S2 cells.
Human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT29 cell line treated with allyl isothiocyanate	Allyl isothiocyanate inhibited both the invasive and migratory abilities of HT29 cells. As well as its own regulated protein levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and mitogen-activated protein kinases.	[79]