Preclinical Rodent Models of Arthritis and Acute Inflammation Indicate Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Juglans regia Extracts

Table 3

Effects of J. regia extracts on inflammation using carrageenan-, histamine-, dextran-, and serotonin-induced paw edema models.

Groups	1^st h	2^nd h	3^rd h	4^th h	5^th h	1^st h	2^nd h	3^rd h
Carrageenan-induced paw edema, mean ± SEM (% inhibition)						Histamine-induced paw edema, mean ± SEM (% inhibition)
Control	0.281 ± 0.003	0.298 ± 0.004	0.313 ± 0.006	0.335  ± 0.005	0.352 ± 0.007	0.299 ± 0.002	0.319 ± 0.003	0.333 ± 0.006
EEJR	0.210 ± 0.003 (25.26)	0.195 ± 0.002 (34.56)	0.172 ± 0.003 (45.04)	0.156 ± 0.004 (53.43)	0.125 ± 0.003 (64.48)	0.235 ± 0.002 (21.40)	0.220 ± 0.003 (31.03)	0.186 ± 0.004 (44.14)
NHJR	0.235 ± 0.002 (16.37)	0.218 ± 0.003 (26.84)	0.206 ± 0.003 (34.18)	0.193 ± 0.003 (42.38)	0.175 ± 0.003 (50.28)	0.251 ± 0.003 (16.05)	0.240 ± 0.002 (24.76)	0.225 ± 0.008 (32.43)
Piroxicam /Indo	0.211 ± 0.006 (24.91)	0.210 ± 0.003 (29.53)	0.207 ± 0.002 (33.86)	0.189 ± 0.002 (43.58)	0.169 ± 0.001 (51.98)	0.232 ± 0.002 (22.40)	0.225 ± 0.003 (29.46)	0.218 ± 0.005 (34.53)
Dextran-induced paw edema, mean ± SEM (% inhibition)						Serotonin-induced paw edema, mean ± SEM (% inhibition)
Control	0.310 ± 0.004	0.320 ± 0.002	0.340 ± 0.004	0.349 ± 0.003	0.358 ± 0.005	0.315 ± 0.002	0.335 ± 0.007	0.345 ± 0.003
EEJR	0.216 ± 0.004 (30.32)	0.206 ± 0.004 (35.62)	0.193 ± 0.004 (43.23)	0.175 ± 0.002 (49.27)	0.173 ± 0.004 (51.67)	0.236 ± 0.005 (25.07)	0.223 ± 0.004 (33.43)	0.206 ± 0.003 (40.28)
NHJR	0.238 ± 0.006 (23.22)	0.225 ± 0.002 (29.68)	0.205 ± 0.006 (39.70)	0.193 ± 0.004 (44.69)	0.183 ± 0.009 (48.88)	0.258 ± 0.004 (18.09)	0.236 ± 0.004 (29.55)	0.225 ± 0.005 (34.78)
DPH/Indo	0.212 ± 0.006 (31.61)	0.199 ± 0.003 (37.81)	0.179 ± 0.002 (47.35)	0.170 ± 0.002 (51.28)	0.165 ± 0.007 (53.91)	0.240 ± 0.004 (23.80)	0.238 ± 0.004 (28.95)	0.200 ± 0.002 (42.02)

EEJR, ethanolic extract of J. regia (500 mg/kg); NHJR, n-hexane extract of J. regia (500 mg/kg); piroxicam and indomethacin (10 mg/kg, each); DPH, diphenhydramine (60 mg/kg). Significant reduction in edema was observed with these extracts in all models. Values were denoted as mean ± SEM. indicates comparison with the control group.