Current Insights into Phytochemistry, Nutritional, and Pharmacological Properties of Prosopis Plants

Table 2

Methods for the determination of chemical components of Prosopis spp.

Chemical components	Prosopis Species	Plant part	Methods	Major findings	Reference
Polyphenol	P. laevigata	Leaves	Aqueous acetone extraction; purified fractions; HPLC	Gallocatechin, coumaric acid, morin, rutin, catechin, gallic acid, naringenin, epicatechin gallate, and luteolin are the main phenolic compounds.	[2]
Carbohydrate	P. nigra	Pods	Phenol-sulfuric acid method; Somogyi–Nelson method	The carbohydrate content of aqueous extraction is higher than alcoholic extraction. The main carbohydrate is sucrose, and the content of glucose and fructose is low.	[1]
Protein	P. nigra	Pods	Bovine serum albumin (BSA) standard	Total protein content was 4.2%.	[1]
Polyphenol	P. nigra	Pods	Folin–Ciocalteu; aluminium chloride colorimetric method; 2% ferric ammonium sulfate in 2 N HCl	0.18–0.41 g GAE/100 g DW (free phenolic content); 0.07–0.13 g QE/100 g DW (flavonoid content); 4.64 to 6.90 g QTE/100 g DW (proanthocyanidin content).	[1]
Phytic acid	P. nigra	Pods	Addition of Wade reagent	Phytic acid concentrations were 1.19%.	[1]
Polyphenol	P. alba	Exudate gum	UPLC-ESI-TOF/MS	Ferulic, coumaric, and caffeic acids are significant phenolic contents in Prosopis gum.	[49]
Polyphenol	P. alba	Seeds	RP-HPLC-DAD; MALDI-TOF MS analysis; Nanoflow HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis	6-C-pentosyl-8-C-glucosyl apigenin (isoschaftoside), 6-C-glucosyl-8-C-pentosyl apigenin (schaftoside), apigenin 6-C-(6″-O-glycosyl) glycosyl-8-C-glycoside, and 8-C-(6″-O-glycosyl) glycosyl-6-C-glycoside were determined.	[26]
Polyphenol	P. nigra	Pods	HPLC-DAD; HPLC-ESI-MS/MS; NMR analysis	The bound flavonoids take up 89% of total flavonoids; the higher content of anthocyanins results in the darker color of Prosopis.	[4]
Macronutrients	P. alba	Cotyledons	The Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 2000) methods	8.97 ± 0.05 g/100 g (carbohydrate content); 0.21 ± 0.07 g/100 g (soluble reducing sugar content); 12.20 ± 0.05 g/100 g flour (fat content); albumin and globulin were the major proteins.	[31]
Amino acids	P. alba	Cotyledons	Biochrom 30 Series Amino Acid Analyzer	Prosopis alba contains amino acids with sulfur, which are limited in other grains.	[31]
Minerals	P. alba	Cotyledons	Quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry	Potassium (K) content is high (7.5 mg/g), and sodium (Na) content is low (0.09 mg/g).	[31]
Fatty acids	P. alba	Cotyledons	Agilent Technologies (Model 6890N) GC with flame ionization detector	Unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are the major fatty acids.	[31]
Phenolic compounds	P. chilensis	Mesocarp	HPLC-DAD-MS/MS	Common constituents were flavone C-glycosides.	[53]
Carbohydrate	P. flexuosa	Seed	Gas chromatography characterization (GC)	Galactose and mannose are the main carbohydrates.	[32]
Flavonoids	P. laevigata	Seed	Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)	The main flavonoid was apigenin.	[15]