Current Insights into Phytochemistry, Nutritional, and Pharmacological Properties of Prosopis Plants

Table 4

Biological activities of compounds of different Prosopis spp.

Bioactivity	Species	Experiment/Model	Dosage/Formulation	Result	Reference
Antioxidant	Prosopis laevigata leaves	DPPH	100 μL sample was mixed with 2900 μL of DPPH solution.	The EC50 for DPPH radical-scavenging capacity by acetone crude extracts was about 3000 ppm.	[2]
	Prosopis laevigata leaves	Hydroxyl radical scavenging	100 μL each of deoxy-D-ribose (28 mM), FeCl3 (1 mM), EDTA (1.04 mM), H2O2 (1 mM), and ascorbic acid (1 mM) with 500 μL of diluted sample.	The IC50 for hydroxyl radical-scavenging capacity by acetone crude extracts was about 1588 ppm.	[2]
Cardioprotection	Prosopis laevigata leaves	Inhibition of LDL oxidation	The reactant ingredients consisted of 700 μL of PBS, 100 μL of CuSO4 (0.5 mM), 100 μL of LDL, 100 μL of samples or standards.	Purified extracts from Prosopis can avoid the generation of peroxide radicals from the oxidized LDLs.	[2]
Antihyperglycemic activity	Prosopis laevigata leaves	Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition	The spectrometric procedure by [80].	The oligomeric polyphenols in Prosopis can inhibit the angiotensin enzymes I and II.	[2]
	Prosopis cineraria stem bark	Alloxan-induced hyperglycemia model	Hyperglycemic mice were fed a dose of 300 mg/Kg B W once a day for 1.5 months.	Bodyweight and fasting blood glucose level of mice were decreased, while liver glycogen content developed.	[11]
Analgesic and antipyretic activity	Prosopis cineraria stem bark	Brewer’s yeast-induced hyperpyrexia model in experimental rats	The ethanolic extract was estimated by tail immersion and hot plate method. The aqueous extract was estimated by acetic acid-induced writhing test mode.	The extract of Prosopis displayed analgesic and antipyretic capacity.	[61]
Antitumor activity	Prosopis cineraria leaves and bark	Male Wistar rats	Protective action against induced experimental liver tumors.	The administration of the extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) reduces mitochondrial lipid peroxidation (LPO) and liver weight.	[7]
Anti-inflammatory capacity	Prosopis nigra pods flour	Cyclooxygenase inhibition studies	Prosopis extract inhibits the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) by human recombinant cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2).	0.66 ± 0.03 μg GAE/mL of P. nigra crude extracts can inhibit 50% enzyme activity (IC50).	[4]
	P. juliflora bark	Carrageenan- and histamine-induced paw edema in rats.	Inflammation by carrageenan, histamine, and prostaglandins.	Methanol extracts of P. juliflora bark show anti-inflammatory capacity.	[3]
Antibacterial activity	Prosopis cineraria stem bark	Agar well diffusion method	Four Gram-negative bacteria, (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, and K. pneumoniae) are used to estimate the antibacterial activity of Prosopis.	Prosopis cineraria showed antibacterial activity at 250 μg/mL.	[11]
	Prosopis cineraria leaves	Agar well diffusion method	Three microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), and Candida albicans (fungal pathogen) are used.	Prosopis cineraria display positive reactions against all these microorganisms.	[71]
Anticonvulsant activity	Prosopis cineraria stem bark	Maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced convulsions in mice	Protect against hind limb tonic extensions (HLTE) induced by MES and PTZ-induced seizures.	Prosopis cineraria demonstrated anticonvulsant activity at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg and phenytoin (25 mg/kg).	[11]
Hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerotic efficacy	Prosopis cineraria stem bark	Hyperlipidemic rabbits	Rabbits were fed by high-fat diet and cholesterol powder.	70% extract of Prosopis cineraria stem bark showed hypolipidemic activity.	[11]
Antihelminthic activity	Prosopis cineraria stem bark	Indian earthworm	Estimation of time of paralysis (p) and time of death (d) of the worm.	The extract at a dose of 160 mg/mL caused paralysis in 25 min and death in 62 min.	[75]
Apoptotic activity	Prosopis cineraria leaves	Breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and noncancerous cell line HBL 100	Giemsa, ethidium bromide, propidium iodide, and Hoechst are used to stain.	Prosopis cineraria leaves can inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells.	[76]
Antidepressant activity	Prosopis cineraria leaves	Forced swim test (FST)	Compared with imipramine (15 mg/kg. p.o.).	Prosopis cineraria leaves show antidepressant activity at doses of 200 mg/kg.	[11]
Anticancer activity	Prosopis farcta aerial parts	Against four human tumor cell lines	HepG-2, HeLa, PC3, and MCF-7.	Extract against MCF-7 cell line (IC50 = 5.6 μg/mL) and HeLa cell line (IC50 = 6.9 μg/mL).	[57]