Gastrodin and Vascular Dementia: Advances and Current Perspectives

Table 1

Mechanism of gastrodin in vivo/vitro models of VaD.

Model	Animal	Cell	Type	Major findings	References
Laparotomy	Mice	—	In vivo	TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, IL-10↑, Prx↓	[58] M. Xiaona, et al 2017
MCAO/H2O2	Rat	SH-SY5Y	In vivo/In vitro	TLR4↓, NF-κB↓, neuron loss↓, astrocyte and microglia/macrophage activation↓, T-lymphocyte invasion↓, lipid peroxidation↓	[61]Zhang HS, et al 2021
TCDD		C6	In vitro	TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, iNOS↓, GFAP↓, SSeCKS-TRAF6 interaction↓、NF-κB↓	[62]Jiao M, et al2019
Glutamate	-	HT-22	In vitro	ROS↓, Nrf2 nuclear translocation↑, HO-1↑	[65]Jiang T,et al2020
MCAO	Mice	—	In vivo	Bcl - 2↑, Bax↓, MDA↓ SOD↑, HO-1↑, Nrf2↑	[67]Peng Z,et al 2015
ICH	Rat	—	In vivo	ROS↓, MDA↓, GSH-Px↑, Keap1↑, Nrf2↑, HO-1↑, caspase-3↓, caspase-9↓	[68]Liu X,et al 2020
Pb exposed	Mice	—	In vivo	p-tau↓, Aβ↓, COX-2↓, NR2A, BDNF, Bax↓, Nrf2↑, Wnt/β-catenin↑	[69]Liu C-M,et al 2020
APP/PS1/Aβ(1–42)	Rat	SH-SY5Y	In vivo/In vitro	Aβ plaques↓, hyperphosphorylated tau↓, enzymes of Aβ↓, GSK3β↓	[74]YQ Zeng,et al2021
MCAO	Rat	—	In vivo	LC3↓, p62↓, phosphorylated CaMKII↓, autophagic flux↓, Ca^2+↓	[77]Chen T-T,et al2021
Glutamate	—	PC12	In vitro	MMP↓, Ca^2+ influx↓, CaMKII↓, ASK-1↓, p38 MAPK↓, p53↓、cytochrome C↓,	[78]Jiang G,et al2014
Kainic acid	—	NSC	In vitro	astrocytes↓, neurons↑	[82]Sun G,et al2012
MA	—	PCNC	In vitro	CAMP↑, pPKA↑, pCREB↑, BDNF↑	[83]CL M,et al2020
BCCAO/OGD/R	Mice	HNSCs	In vivo/In vitro	PDE9↓, cGMP-PKG↑, cell viability↑, proliferation in primary hippocampal NSCs↑	[85]H. Xiao,et al2021
Aβ (1–42)	C57BL/6	—	In vivo	SOX-2 and DCX cells in the DG area↑	[86]Li M,et al2016
MCAO	Rat	BV-2	In vivo/In vitro	MMP2↓, MMP9↓, neurological scores↑, the area of cerebral infarction↓	[88]Li S,et al2019
LPS	—	BV-2	In vitro	iNOS↓, COX-2↓, NF-κB↓, CRE-CREB↓, ERK1/2↓, JNK↓, p38MAPK↓	[90]Dai J-N,et al 2011
OGD		BV2	In vitro	Death rate of BV-2 cells↓, several proteins which can affect the MAPK↑	[91]Xia L,et al2014
OGD	—	BV2	In vitro	Inflammatory cytokines↓, protective cytokines↑	[92]Lv Y,et al2021
LPS	Rat	BV-2	In vivo/In vitro	Notch-1↑, NICD↑, RBP-Jκ↑, Hes-1↑, Notch-1/Sirt3	[93]G. J,et al2021
LPS	Rat	BV-2	In vivo/In vitro	NICD↓, RBP-Jκ↓, Hes-1↓, ERK, JNK, P38,	[94]Yao Y,et al2021
LPS	Rat	BV-2	In vivo/In vitro	ACE↓, AT1↓, NOX-2↓, iNOS↓, TNF-α↓, AT2↑, SIRT3↑	[95]Liu SJ,et al2018
Aβ(1–42)	—	HNC	In vitro	CAT↓, SOD↓, ERKl/2↓	[52]Zhao X,et al2012
MCAO	Mice	—	In vivo	DCX/BrdU double-positive cells↑, infarct volume↓, apoptosis↓, wnt/β-catenin↑	[98]Qiu CW,et al2019
LPS	—	BV-2	In vitro	Phosphorylation of GSK-3β at ser 9 and β-catenin activity↓	[99]Yao Y yi,et al2019
MCAO/OGD	Rat	TNA2	In vivo/In vitro	p-STAT3↓, NLRP3↓, NLRC4↓, caspase-1↓, IL-18↓, NF-κb↓	[100]Sui Y,et al2019

OGD : Oxygen-glucose-deprivation; HNC : hippocampus neuronal cell; NNSC : Neural stem cells; PCNC : Primary cortex neuronal cell; HNSC : hippocampal neural stem cell.