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| SN | Author, (1st) year, and country | Intervention type | Title of the article | Study type | Participants (per-protocol) | Experimental intervention | Control intervention | Population characteristics (disease/healthy/ and clinical) | Population characteristics (age and sex) | Biomarkers |
| Experimental group | Control group |
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| 1 | Zgierska et al., 2016, USA [49] | M | Mindfulness meditation and cognitive behavioral therapy intervention reduces pain severity and sensitivity in opioid-treated chronic low back pain: Pilot findings from a randomized controlled trial | 26-week parallel-arm pilot randomized controlled trial (open-label) | 21 (21) | 14 (14) | Meditation and cognitive-behavior therapy and usual care | Usual care alone | Chronic low back pain (CLBP) with reported having daily CLBP (lum-bosacral area pain or “sciatica” leg pain) and treated with minimum of 30 mg/day of morphine-equivalent dose (MED) | Minimum of 21 years old, on average 51.8 ± 9.7 years old, 80% white women. | CRP, IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-ץ |
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| 2 | Bower et al., 2015, USA [14] | M | Mindfulness meditation for younger breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial | 6-week single centre two-arm RCT (open-label) | 37(30) | 28 [22] | Mindful awareness practices | Wait-list control | Diagnosed with stage 0 – III breast cancer at or before age 50 and completed local and/or adjuvant cancer therapy (except hormonal therapy) at least 3 months prior | Age mean (range) Maps: 46.1 (28.4–60); Control: 47.7 (31.1–59.6) | CRP, IL-6, sTNFRII |
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| 3 | Meyer et al., 2019, USA [15] | M | Differential reduction of IP-10 and C-reactive protein via aerobic exercise or mindfulness-based stress-reduction training in a large randomized controlled trial | 8-week three armed (two intervention and a control), matched controlled arm (single-blinded) | Aerobic exercise, 137 (126); MBSR medication, 138 (127) | 138 (132) | Two arms; aerobic exercise and MBSR | Wait-list observational control | Generally healthy and reported to be inactive | Age, all, 50 ± 12, meditation; 49 ± 11, exercise 49 ± 11; control 51 ± 12; male all, 92, meditation 32, exercise 27, control, 33 | IL-6, CRP and interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) |
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| 4 | Dada et al., 2018, India [53] | MP | Mindfulness meditation reduces intraocular pressure, lowers stress biomarkers, and modulates gene expression in glaucoma: a randomized controlled trial. | 21 days prospective, single blinded, randomized controlled trial (single-blinded) | 45 (40) | 45 (42) | Mindfulness-based stress reduction and meditation group | Wait-list control | Outpatient with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) | Intervention: 20 females, mean age 57.88 ± 8.17 years control: 20 females, age 56.63 ± 7.12 | Cortisol, IL-6, TNF-a at baseline and post intervention |
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| 5 | Hayney et al., 2014, USA [16] | M | Age and psychological influences on immune responses to trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in the meditation or exercise for preventing acute respiratory infection (MEPARI) trial | 8 weeks 3-experimental arm randomized control trial (single-blinded) | Meditation 51 (51), exercise 47 (47) | 51 (51) | (i) MBSR
(ii) Exercise | Control group | Healthy individuals were recruited | MBSR : male 9, mean age 60.0 (6.5) years; control: male 10, mean age 58.8 (6.8) years; exercise: male 8, mean age 59.0 (6.6) years | IGA, IL 10, interferonγ at baseline and 3 week |
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| 6 | Barrett et al.,2012, USA [17] | M | Meditation or exercise for preventing acute respiratory infection: a randomized controlled trial | 8-week randomized 3 parallel group trial (open-label) | Meditation: 51 (51)
Exercise: 51 (47) | 52 (51) | (i) Mindfullness meditation
(ii) Moderate-intensity exercise | Observational control | Community-based 50 years or older | 82% female, 94% white, mean age 59.3 ± 6.6 years | Interleukin-8 levels within 3 days of symptoms |
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| 7 | Gagrani et al., 2018, India [18] | M | Meditation enhances brain oxygenation, upregulates BDNF, and improves quality of life in patients with primary open angle glaucoma: a randomized controlled trial | 6 weeks prospective randomized control trial (open-label) | 30 (30) | 30 (30) | Meditation with standard medical treatment | Standard medical treatment | POAG (primary open angle glaucoma) patients | 21 females and 39 males, mean age of 57.28 ± 9.37 years | Serum cortisol and serum IL-2 & IL-6 at baseline and post intervention |
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| 8 | Lipschitz et al., 2013, USA [19] | M | Reduction in salivary α-amylase levels following a mind-body intervention in cancer survivors—an exploratory study | 8-week 3 experimental arm RCT (open-label) | Mbb, 19; Mm, 20 | 18 | One of two experimental mind-body interventions, namely, mind-body bridging (MBB) or mindfulness meditation (MM) | Sleep hygiene education (SHE) | Cancer survivors with any sleep disorder/problem visiting health facility | All, age 18–75, M14, F43; SHE, 52 ± 11, M4, F14; MBB, 55 ± 10, M6, F13; MM, 51 ± 9, M4, F16 | Salivary cortisol at baseline and 4th week with two parameters (waking, and daily output |
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| 9 | Rao et al., 2017, India [20] | M | Effect of yoga on sleep quality and neuroendocrine immune response in metastatic breast cancer patients | 3-month RCT (single-blinded) | 45 (25) | 46 (21) | Integrated yoga-based stress reduction program | Education and supportive therapy sessions | Stage IV breast cancer within 6 months–2 years after diagnosis | Yoga group: average age 48.9 (9.1) years control: 50.2 (9.2) | Cortisol for 3 consecutive days (at 0600 h, 0900 h, and 2100 h) |
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| 10 | Creswell et al., 2016, USA [50] | M | Alterations in resting state functional connectivity link mindfulness meditation with reduced interleukin-6: a Randomized controlled trial | 4 weeks randomized control trial (single-blinded) | 18 (17) | 17 (17) | Health enhancement through mindfulness (HEM) | Health enhancement through relaxation (HER) | Right-handed unemployed job-seeking community adults | Hem : mean age 37.94 (10.96), 7 female and 11 male Her : mean age 41.00 (9.55), 8 female and 9 male | IL-6 |
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| 11 | Andres-Rodriguez et al., 2019, Spain [52] | M | Immune-inflammatory pathways and clinical changes in fibromyalgia patients treated with mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) : a randomized, controlled clinical trial | 8 weeks randomized, controlled clinical trial (single-blinded) with 12 months follow-up | 15 (14) | 16 (14) | MBSR + TAU | Treatment as usual (TAU) | Female patients with fibromyalgia (FM) diagnosis according to ACR 1990 | Age, control, 52 ± 8, intervention, 55 ± 8; all female | IL-6, hsCRP, IL-10 and hsCRP, and their different ratios |
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| 12 | Buijze et al., 2019, Netherlands [21] | MP | An add-on training program involving breathing exercises, cold exposure, and meditation attenuates inflammation and disease activity in axial spondyloarthritis – a proof of concept trial | 8-week open-label, randomized, one-way crossover clinical proof-of-concept trial (open-label) | Early intervention; 13 (13), late intervention, 11 (11) | 11 (11) | Add-on training of breathing, cold exposure, and meditation | No intervention at initial intervention | Patients with a clinical diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) and fulfilled the ASDAS classification criteria and had active diseases defined as ASDAS>2.1 and a high-sensitive CRP (hsCRP) ≥5 mg/L | M = 15, F = 8; age = 35 ± 7 | HsCRP at 0, 4, 8, 24, 28 and 32 weeks |
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| 13 | Mandal et al., 2021, India [22] | YP | Effect of structured yoga program on stress and professional quality of life among nursing staff in a tertiary care hospital of Delhi—a small scale Phase-II trial | 12-week open-label, phase-II RCT (open-label) | 58 (19) | 52 (32) | Yoga intervention | Wait-list control | Healthy staff nurses working in a tertiary care hospital | Intervention, mean age, 35 ± 8, M, 8, F, 50; control, mean age, 33 ± 7, M, 22, F, 30, F, | Serum cortisol and hsCRP were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks |
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| 14 | Viswanathan et al., 2020, India [23] | YP | Effect of yoga intervention on biochemical, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory markers, and sleep quality among subjects with type 2 diabetes in south India: results from the SATYAM project | 3-month nonregistered randomized experimental study (open-label) | 150 (150) | 150 (150) | Yoga intervention | Simple physical exercises | Type 2 diabetes | (i) Control: M-103, F-47, age 52.8 ± 7.0
(ii) intervention: M-93, F-57, age 50.8 ± 8.3 | TNF-α, IL-6, TBARS, EC-SOD and hsCRP were assessed at baseline and 3 months |
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| 15 | Shete et al., 2017, India [24] | YP | Effects of yoga training on inflammatory cytokines and C‐reactive protein in employees of small‐scale industries | 3-month RCT (open-label) | 24 (19) | 24 (18) | Yoga | Wait-list control | Healthy male adults | Average age 41.5 (5.2) years | IL-6, TNF-α, hsCRP at baseline and post intervention |
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| 16 | Ganesan et al., 2020, India [25] | YMP | Effects of yoga therapy on disease activity, inflammatory markers, and heart rate variability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis | 12-week randomized control trial (open-label) | 83 (68) | 83 (75) | Yoga therapy with standard medical treatment | Standard medical treatment | RA (rheumatoid arthritis) | YG (yoga group): 63 female participants (92.64%), mean age of 41.33 years CG (control group): 68 female participants (90.66%), mean age of 42.59 years | IL-1 α, IL-6, TNF-a, cortisol at baseline and after 12 week |
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| 17 | Chen et al., 2016, China [26] | YMP | Effects of 8-week hatha yoga training on metabolic and inflammatory markers in healthy and female Chinese subjects: a randomized clinical trial | 8-week randomized controlled trial (open-label) | 15 (15) | 15 (15) | Hatha yoga intervention | No intervention | Healthy female participants | Age, 18–25 years, all females | MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β |
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| 18 | Kiecolt-glaser et al., 2014, USA [27] | YP | Yoga’s impact on inflammation, mood, and fatigue in breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial | 12-week randomized control trial (single-blinded) | 100 (96) | 100 (90) | Yoga | Waitlist control | Stage 0 to IIIa breast cancer survivors | Yoga: mean age 51.8 (9.8) years Control: mean age 51.3 (8.7) years | IL-6, TNF- α, and IL-1beta |
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| 19 | Kaminsky et al., 2017, USA [28] | P | Effects of yoga breathing (pranayama) on exercise tolerance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized, controlled trial | 12-week randomized control trial (double-blinded) | 21 (21) | 22([22) | Pranayam plus education | Education | Physician diagnosed COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) patients with 18 years age or older | Pranayam: female % (67%), mean age 68 (7) Control: female% (55%), mean age 68 (9) | IL-6, CRP, 6MWD, FEV1, IC, rv/tlc, DLCO, va/tlc, Ti/Ttot |
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| 20 | Bower et al., 2014, USA [29] | Y | Yoga reduces inflammatory signaling in fatigued breast cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial | 12-week randomized intervention (open-label) | 16 (14), 13 (3 months follow-up)) | 15 (15) | Iyengar yoga | Health education control | Breast cancer survivors of stage 0 - II with mean diagnosis of 3.6 ± 3.7 years ago | Average age of 54 ± 5.4 years | sTNF Receptor-II, IL-1 RA, IL-6 and CRP, salivary cortisol |
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| 21 | Twal et al., 2016, USA [3] | P | Yogic breathing when compared to attention control reduces the levels of proinflammatory biomarkers in saliva: a Pilot randomized controlled trial | 20-min pilot randomized controlled trial (open-label) | 10 (10) | 10 (10) | Yogic breathing (YB) | Attention control (AC) | Normal apparently healthy | 5 males and 5 females in both groups. Age ranged from 27 to 33 years | IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IP-10, MIP-1b, TNF-α, (IL)-1β, IL-8, MCP-1 assessed on 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes after intervention |
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| 22 | Hopkins et al., 2016, USA [30] | YP | Heated hatha yoga to target cortisol reactivity to stress and affective eating in women at risk for obesity-related illnesses: a randomized controlled trial | 8 weeks randomized control trial (single-blinded) | 27 (27) | 25 (24) | Bikram yoga | Wait-list control | Community females age 25 to 45 years of age | Females with mean age 33.5 (6.4) years | Cortisol at baseline and post intervention |
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| 23 | Banasik et al., 2011, USA [31] | YP | Effect of iyengar yoga practice on fatigue and diurnal salivary cortisol concentration in breast cancer survivors | 8-week randomized controlled trail (open-label) | 9 (7) | 9 (7) | Iyengar yoga | Wait-list control, no intervention | Stage II–IV breast cancer survivors | All womens were caucasian; control group age: 62.4 ± 7.3 yoga group age:63.33 ± 6.9 | Salivary cortisol at baseline and 8 weeks |
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| 24 | Marques et al., 2017, Portugal [54] | YP | Influence of chair-based yoga on salivary antimicrobial proteins, functional fitness, perceived stress and well-being in older women: a Randomized pilot controlled trial | 28 weeks RCT (open-label) | 15 (15) | 10 (10) | Chair based yoga (CBY) | Control group | Older women living in two different health and social caregiver centres (HSC) | EG = average age 83.73 (6.86) years GC = average age 82.73 (8.46) years | IgA and cortisol were assessed at baseline and 28 week |
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| 25 | Torkamani et al., 2018, Iran [51] | M | Effects of single-session group mantra-meditation on salivary immunoglobulin and affective state: a psychoneuroimmunolgy viewpoint | 20 minutes RCT (single-blinded) | 15 | 15 | Meditation | Control | Healthy women | Mean age 44 ± 3 years | s-IgA at baseline, after lecture, post-meditation and one hour later |
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| 26 | Gunjiganviet al., 2021, India [55] | YP | Yoga—an alternative form of therapy in patients with blunt chest trauma: a randomized controlled trial | 4-week RCT (open-label) | 46 (32) | 43 (27) | Yogatherapy (YTP) with standard chest physiotherapy (CTP) | Chest physiotherapy (CTP) | Patients aged 18–65 years with isolated blunt chest trauma and who were managed nonoperatively with or without thoracostomy tubes | Intervention: male 40, mean age 41.1 (12.40) years; control: male 36, mean age 42.6 (11.59) | Serum levels of ILs TNF-a, IFN-c; along with respiratory indicators assessed |
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| 27 | Pullen et al., 2010, USA [32] | YM | Benefits of yoga for african american heart failure patients | 8-week RCT (single-blinded) | 21 (18) | 19 (16) | Hospital-based yoga group | Control group (CG, standard medical care) | Systolic or diastolic heart failure (HF) patients of ischemic or nonischemic etiology | Yoga: mean age 55.8 (±7.6); control: mean age 52.5 (±12.7) years | IL-6, hsCRP, and EC-SOD baseline to 8 weeks |
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| 28 | Hecht et al., 2018, USA [33] | YM | A randomized, controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction in HIV infection | 8-week single center, randomized controlled parallel trial (single-blinded) | 89 (76 at 3 month & 48 at 12 month) | 88 (76 at 3 month & 48 at 12 month) | MBSR | Education control | 18 years of age or older with HIV-1 infection | MBSR : median age of 41 (22–63) years; control: median age of 39 (22–66) years | CD4+, hsCRP, IL-6 at baseline, 3 month and 12 month |
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| 29 | Nijjar et al., 2019, USA [34] | YMP | Randomized trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction in cardiac patients eligible for cardiac rehabilitation | 8-week pilot randomized controlled trial (open-label) | 31 (30) | 16 (15) | Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) | Usual care control | CR-eligible (exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation) cardiac patients | Age, all, 61 ± 11, MBSR, 59 ± 12, control, 61 ± 9; | hsCRP at baseline, 3 month, and 9 month |
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| 30 | Huberty et al., 2019, USA [35] | YM | Online yoga in myeloproliferative neoplasm patients: results of a randomized pilot trial to inform future research | 12-week pilot RCT (single-blinded) | 34 (27) | 28 (21) | Online yoga | Wait-list control | Myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients b) reported engaging in ≥150 min/week of physical activity | Yoga: female 25, mean age 58.3 (9.3) years; control: female 20, mean age 55.0 (11.4) | IL-6 and TNF-α were assessed at baseline and 12 week |
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| 31 | Chen et al., 2017, taiwan [56] | YMP | Effects of prenatal yoga on women’s stress and immune function across pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial | 20-week prospective RCT (open-label) | 50 (48) | 51 (46) | Routine prenatal care plus yoga intervention | Routine prenatal care | Preganant women from 16 to 36 week's of GA | Mean chronological age 33.0 ± 3.8 years (range = 24–43) | Salivary cortisol and IgA, and CD4+T cell |
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| 32 | SeyedAlinaghi et al., 2012, Iran [36] | YM | RCT of mindfulness-based stress reduction delivered to HIV + patients in Iran: effects on CD4+ T lymphocyte count and medical and psychological symptoms | 8-week randomized control trial (single-blinded) | 120 (87) | 125 (86) | Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) | Education and support (ESC) | 18+ years and HIV + confirmed by western blot. | Mean age was 35.1(SD = 6.5) years and 69% were male | |
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| 33 | Rajbhoj et al., 2015, India [37] | YMP | Effects of yoga module on proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in industrial workers of lonavla: a randomized controlled trial | 12-week RCT (open-label) | 23 (19) | 22 (18) | Yoga | Wait-list control | Industrial workers | Yoga group: mean age 40.72 ± 6.79 age; control group: mean age 40.18 ± 6.31 age | IL-1β, IL-10 at baseline and post intervention |
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| 34 | Singh et al., 2011, India [38] | YMP | Effects of yogic package on rheumatoid arthritis | 7 weeks days RCT (open-label) | 40 | 40 | Yoga and usual meditation | Usual medical care | Rheumatoid arthritis | Age, intervention, mean 35.1 (±7.3), control, mean 34.7 (±7.3) yrs | CRP at baseline and post intervention |
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| 35 | Nugent et al., 2019, USA [39] | YMP | Benefits of yoga on IL-6: findings from a randomized controlled trial of yoga for depression | 10-week RCT (single-blinded) | 48 (48) | 39 (39) | Hatha yoga intervention (yoga) | Healthy living workshop (HLW) | Patients of major depressive disorder with age 18 years or older | Age, yoga, 46 ± 13, HLW, 45 ± 14, total, 45 ± 13; sex, yoga, M4, F44, HLW, M10, F29, | IL-6, CRP and TNF-α |
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| 36 | Gautam et al., 2019, India [40] | YMP | Impact of yoga-based mind-body intervention on systemic inflammatory markers and co-morbid depression in active rheumatoid arthritis patients: A randomized controlled trial | 8-week randomized control trial (single-blinded) | 36 (30) | 36 (32) | Yoga-based mind-body-based intervention with usual medical care | Usual medical care | Outpatient of RA (rheumatoid arthritis) | Age, yoga, mean 45.7(±1.6), control,,control, mean 42.1(±1.7) yrs | IL-17 A, IL-6, TNF-α at baseline and 8 week |
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| 37 | Sohl et al., 2016, USA [41] | YMP | A brief yoga intervention implemented during chemotherapy: a randomized controlled pilot study | 8 weeks RCT (open-label) | 8 (6) | 7 (5) | Yoga skill training (YST) | Attention control (AC) | Colorectal cancer stage 0-IV | Median age 61.0 (44.0 to 67.0) years, male 9 | IL-6, IL-1RA, sTNF Ri, TNF-α, CRP |
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| 38 | Gautam et al., 2020, India [42] | YMP | Effects of an 8-week yoga-based lifestyle intervention on psycho-neuro-immune axis, disease activity, and perceived quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a randomized controlled trial | 8-week RCT (single-blinded) | 33 (31) | 33 (31) | Yoga-based lifestyle intervention (yoga group) | Usual care control (non-yoga group) | Patients of rheumatoid arthritis | Age, yoga, mean, 45.1 (±8.7), F28 control, mean 43.4 (±9.3) yrs, F25 | IL-6, IL-17A, TNF-α at baseline and 8 week |
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| 39 | Wolff et al., 2015, Sweden [43] | YMP | Yoga’s effect on inflammatory biomarkers and metabolic risk factors in a high risk population – a controlled trial in primary care | 12-week three armed (two intervention and a control), matched controlled open clinical trial (open-label) | Group 1, 28 (21); group 2, 28 (20) | 27 (22) | Yoga intervention (group 1) and yoga instruction (group 2) for home practice | Standard care | Adults diagnosed with hypertension | Age Ex1, 66, F19, Ex2, 64, F20, control, 61, F16, respectively | HsCRP and IL-6 were measured at baseline and 12 weeks |
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| 40 | Chanta et al., 2019, Thailand [44] | Y | Effects of hatha yoga training on rhinitis symptoms and cytokines in allergic rhinitis patients | 8-week randomized controlled trial (single-blinded) | 15 (14) | 15 (13) | Hatha yoga (YOG) | Normal activities (CON) | Allergic rhinitis patients visiting university health service center | Age, 18–45 yrs; sex, CON, 14 (3 male, 11 female); YOG, 13 (3 male, 10 female) | IL-2 and IL-6 were assessed from nasal secretions at baseline and 8 week |
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| 41 | Yadav et al., 2018, India [45] | YMP | Comparative efficacy of a 12-week yoga-based lifestyle intervention and dietary intervention on adipokines, inflammation, and oxidative stress in adults with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial | 12-week parallel, two arm, RCT (open-label) | 130 (89) | 130 (79) | Two interventions were carried out. Firstly, yoga-based lifestyle intervention (YBLI) and secondly, dietary intervention (DI) | Only dietary intervention (DI) | Younger apparently healthy adults, diagnosed with metabolic syndrome | Aged 20–45 years, both males and females | TNF-α, IL-6, TBARS, SOD assessed at baseline, 2 weeks and 12 weeks |
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| 42 | Harkess et al., 2016, austrailia [46] | YMP | Preliminary indications of the effect of a brief yoga intervention on markers of inflammation and DNA methylation in chronically stressed women | 8 weeks randomized control trial (single-blinded) | 11 (11) | 15 (15) | Yoga group | Control group | Women reporting psychological distress | Mean age 41.12 (4.28) years | IL6-1, IL6-2, hsCRP, TNF |
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| 43 | Lim at al., 2015, Republic of Korea [47] | YMP | Regular yoga practice improves antioxidant status, immune function, and stress hormone releases in young healthy people: a randomized, double-blind, controlled pilot study | 12-week randomized double blind control trial (double-blinded) | 12 (12) | 13 (13) | Yoga | Control group | Young healthy university student | Control: median age 22 years, 8 women yoga: median age 21 years, 6 women | Serum lipid peroxide level, TNF-a, IFN--γ and IL-12, EC-SODs, and cortisol |
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| 44 | Jorge et al., 2016, Brazil [48] | YMP | Hatha yoga practice decreases menopause symptoms and improves quality of life: a randomized controlled trial | 12-week 3 experimental arm randomized control trial (single-blinded) | Yoga 47 (40), exercise 38 (29) | 32 (19) | (i) Yoga
(ii) Exercise | Control | Healthy yoga-naive women between 45 and 65 years | Yoga: mean age 54 (6) years; exercise: mean age 56 (5) years; control: mean age 55 (4) | Salivary cortisol at baseline and at 12 week intervention |
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