| | First author (year) | New stroke survivors | Sample size (acupuncture: non acupuncture) | Propensity match ratio | Mean age or year range | Primary diagnosis of stroke | Diagnosis for inclusion | Intervention | Control | Primary outcome | Follow-up until | Incidence (per 1,000 person-years) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
| | Chuang (2015) [22] | 182,619 | 23,475:46,950 | 1 : 2 | 40–79 | 01/01/2000–12/31/2004 | ICD-9 CM 430–437 | ≥1 course of acu | Without acu | AMI (ICD-9-CM 410) | 12/31/2009 | Acu: 9.2
Nonacu: 10.8 | 0.86 (0.80–0.93) | | Chang (2018) [21] | 226,699 | 12,557:12,557 | 1 : 1 | ≥20 | 01/01/2000–12/31/2004 | ICD-9 CM 430–437 | ≥2 courses of acu | Without acu | Pneumonia (ICD-9-CM 480–486) | 12/31/2009 | Acu: 53.4
Nonacu: 58.9 | 0.86 (0.82–0.90) | | Shih (2017) [24] | 226,699 | 5,610:5,610 | 1 : 1 | ≥50 | 01/01/2000–12/31/2004 | ICD-9 CM 430–437 | ≥5 courses of acu | Without acu | Dementia (ICD-9-CM 290) | 12/31/2009 | Acu: 26.5
Nonacu: 34.6 | 0.73 (0.66–0.80) | | Weng (2016) [26] | 226,699 | 21,020:21,020 | 1 : 1 | ≥20 | 01/01/2000–12/31/2004 | ICD-9 CM 430–438 | ≥2 courses of acu | Without acu | Epilepsy (ICD-9-CM 345) | 12/31/2009 | Acu: 9.8
Nonacu: 11.5 | 0.74 (0.68–0.80) | | Yang (2019) [19] | 226,699 | 9,643:9,643 | 1 : 1 | ≥30 | 01/01/2000–12/31/2004 | ICD-9 CM 430–437 | ≥2 treat of acu | Without acu | UTI (ICD-9-CM 599.0) | 12/31/2009 | Acu: 37.6
Nonacu: 39.4 | 0.76 (0.73–0.80) | | Lu (2017) [20] | 16,046 | 1,714:14,332
1,714:1,714 | Non-1 : 1 | ≥18 | 01/01/2002–12/31/2012 | ICD-9 CM 430–434, 436–437 | ≥1 treat of acu | Without acu | Depression (ICD-9-CM 296, 309, 311) | 12/31/2013 | Acu: 11.1
Nonacu: 9.7
Propensity: Acu: 11.1
Nonacu: 10.6 | 1.04 (0.84–1.29)
Propensity: 1.06 (0.79–1.42) | | Tseng (2017) [25] | 8,487 | Freq U: 1,036
Infreq U: 1,053
Non-U: 6,398 | Non- | Freq U: 61.28
Infreq U: 61.77
Non-U: 66.21 | 01/01/2000–12/31/2005 | ICD-9 CM 430–434, 436–437 | Freq U: ≥6 acu treat
Infreq U: 1–5 acu treat | Without acu | Depression (ICD-9-CM 296, 309, 311) | 12/31/2007 | Freq U: 15.2
Infreq U: 24.0
Non-U: 34.6 | Freq U: 0.475 (0.389–0.580)
Infreq U: 0.718 (0.612–0.842) | | Shih (2015) [23] | 30,058 | 15,029:15,029 | 1 : 1 | ≥30 | 01/01/2000–12/31/2004 | ICD-9 CM 430–434 | ≥1 course of acu | Without acu | Ischemic stroke (ICD-9-CM 430–434) | 12/31/2009 | Acu: 69.9
Nonacu: 71.4 | 0.88 (0.84–0.91) |
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Note: acu = acupuncture, treat = treatments, U = users, freq U = frequent users, infreq U=Infrequent users, non-U = nonusers, course = six consecutive acupuncture treatments.
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