Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Review Article

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Tai Chi Training in Cardiorespiratory Fitness of Elderly People

Table 1

Details of studies that were included in the meta-analysis.


Author, year	Country and languages	Sample size (M/F)	Mean age (T/C)	Control group	Tai Chi style	Frequency	Daily time	Duration	Outcome

Lan et al., 1996 [19]	China English	76 40/36	69.3 ± 3.9	NC	Classical Yang’s Tai Chi	4.3 ± 1.3 time per week	20 min of warm up, 24 min Tai Chi, 10 min of cool down	11.8 ± 5.6 years	HR, O_{2 pulse}
Zheng et al., 2019 [20]	China English	170 52/118	61.01 ± 5.20/60.73 ± 6.05	Physical activities	24-movement Yang-style Tai Chi	5 time per week	10 min of warm up, 45 min Tai Chi, 5 min of cool down	12 weeks	VC
Lu and Kuo, 2003 [21]	China English	40 14/26	56.3 ± 8.5/52.8 ± 7.5	No physical exercise	Classical Yang’s Tai Chi	NC	10 min of warm up, 20 min Tai Chi, 10 min of cool down	NC	HR
Mendoza-Núñez1 et al., 2018 [22]	Mexico English	85	68.2 ± 6.6/67.4 ± 4.7	No physical exercise	Eight-form easy Tai Chi for elderly adults	5 time per week	10 min of warm up, 30 min Tai Chi, 5 min of cool down	24 weeks	HR
Sun et al., 2019 [23]	China English	120 68/52	65.2 ± 9.2/66.4 ± 10.0	Activities of daily living	24-movement Yang-style Tai Chi	3 times per week	30–40 min	NC	VC
Lai et al., 1995 [24]	China English	84 44/40	64 ± 9	NC	Classical Yang’s Tai Chi	5.0 ± 1.1times per week	20 min of warm up, 24 min Tai Chi, 10 min of cool down	24 weeks	HR, O_{2 pulse}, VO_{2 max}
Lan et al., 2008 [25]	China English	69 34/35	64.0 ± 6.8/64.7 ± 7.4	No physical exercise	Classical Yang’s Tai Chi	NC	20 min of warm up, 24 min Tai Chi, 10 min of cool down	240 weeks	HR, O_{2 pulse}
Logghe et al., 2009 [26]	NED English	269 78/191	76.8 ± 4.6/77.5 ± 4.7	Usual care	10-movement Yang-style Tai Chi	2 times per week	1 hour	13 weeks	HR
Ma e t al., 2019 [27]	US English	52 18/34	64.85 ± 7.62/64.15 ± 7.69	Usual care	NC	2 times per week	NC	24 weeks	HR
Cui and Fu, 2017 [28]	China English	140	68.4 ± 3.2	Slow walking exercise	NC	4 times per week	30–60 min	24 weeks	HR
Wang et al., 2016 [29]	US English	28 7/21	89.73 ± 6.31/87.23 ± 6.71	NC	10-form Tai Chi	2 times per week	10 min of warm up, 45 min Tai Chi, 5 min of cool down	12 weeks	HR
Zhang et al., 2020 [30]	China English	36	59.65 ± 8.42/62.21 ± 7.76	Physical activities	NC	NC	NC	12 weeks	HR
Wang et al., 2001[31]	China Chinese	115 60/55	68.81 ± 5.72/67.07 ± 4.98	No physical exercise	NC	NC	NC	NC	HR
Ma, 2015 [32]	China Chinese	27	60.86 ± 2.54/60.43 ± 1.90	No physical exercise	NC	NC	NC	24/48 weeks	VC, HR
Liu and Jin, 2010 [33]	China Chinese	20 10/10	61.7 ± 4.3	No physical exercise	24-movement Yang-style Tai Chi	4 times per week	10 min of warm up, 40 min Tai Chi, 10 min of cool down	8 weeks	VC
Li, 2008 [34]	China Chinese	60	66.1 ± 4.6/65.3 ± 4.8	No physical exercise	NC	4 times per week	40–60 min	48 weeks	HR
Peng, 2006 [35]	China Chinese	380 180/200	NC	No physical exercise	NC	3 times per week	30 min	240 weeks	VC
Yuan, 2015 [36]	China Chinese	100	61.18 ± 8.916/61.26 ± 8.813	No physical exercise	NC	3 times per week	30 min	96 weeks	VC
Yan, 2013 [37]	China Chinese	47 24/23	＞65	No physical exercise	24-movement Tai Chi	NC	30 min	NC	VC
Lai et al., 2009 [38]	China Chinese	64	68.4 ± 2.1/67.9 ± 2.4	Running training	NC	NC	NC	48 weeks	HR
Xu and Wen, 1997 [39]	China Chinese	34 17/17	64. 6 ± 3. 9/66. 7 ± 7. 4	No physical exercise	Yang-style Tai Chi	7 times per week	60 min	4 weeks	VC, HR
Tu, 2005 [40]	China Chinese	32	NC	Running training	NC	3 times per week	12 min	10 weeks	HR
Lin and Huang, 2002 [41]	China Chinese	69	50–62	Aerobic exercise	24-movement Yang-style Tai Chi	4 times per week	40 min	24 weeks	HR
Cheng et al., 2001 [42]	China Chinese	38 18/20	58–70	NC	Classical Yang’s Tai Chi	4.6 ± 1.3 times per week	20 min of warm up, 24 min Tai Chi, 10 min of cool down	NC	HR, VO_{2 max}, O_{2 pulse}