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Authors | Cardiovascular disease | Plant | Factor | Intervention | Outcome | Reference |
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Aalami et al. | Acute coronary syndrome | Matricaria recutita and neroli (6 : 2 : 0.5) | Sleep quality | Three consecutive nights | Hybrid aromatherapy caused a significant improvement in the sleep quality in patients with the acute coronary syndrome. | [15] |
Abdi et al. | Coronary angiography | Orange essence | Anxiety | Two drops for 20 minutes | Aromatherapy with orange essence declined the anxiety levels after coronary angiography by 36.26 ± 7.65. | [16] |
Asgari et al. | Coronary angiography | Bitter orange | Sleep quality | Two to three deep breaths | Aromatherapy with bitter orange essential oil significantly improved the sleep quality | [17] |
Babatabar Darzi et al. | Artery bypass graft surgery | Lavender and damask rose | Surgical site pain severity, extubation time, and anxiety | Two drops after triggering of the first inspiration | Followed by the aromatherapy with lavender and rose essential oil, a significant reduction was observed in the time of extubation time, pain severity, and anxiety level in patients. | [18] |
Bikmoradi et al | Artery bypass graft surgery | Lavender | Anxiety | Two drops for 20 minutes on the second and third days after surgery | Lavender aromatherapy had no significant effect on decreasing mental stress where it improved the systolic blood pressure. | [19] |
Bikmoradi et al. | Coronary angiography | Damask rose | Anxiety | Five drops for 20 minutes | Followed by aromatherapy with damask rose essential oil, a significant decline was reported in the anxiety level. | [20] |
Cho et al. | Coronary angiography | Lavender, M. recutita, and neroli essential oil | Anxiety, vital signs, and sleep quality | Two drops for 10 deep breaths, before and after PCI | After hybrid aromatherapy with lavender, M. recutita, and neroli essential oil caused a significant reduction in the anxiety level, whereas it improved the vital signs and sleep quality in undergoing coronary angiography. | [21] |
Davari et al. | Artery bypass graft surgery | Lavender | Sleep Quality and Physiological Indicators | For 10 hours | Although the lavender aromatherapy had no significant effect on in the physiological indicators, it significantly improved the quality sleep in coronary artery bypass graft patients. | [22] |
Ebrahimi Hosein Abadi | Artery bypass graft surgery | Lavender | Hemodynamic Indices | 5 drops for 30 minutes after surgery | Lavender aromatherapy as five drops for 30 minutes after surgery improved the patient’s blood pressure. | [23] |
Emami-Sigaroudi et al. | Artery bypass graft surgery | Lavender and damask rose | Sleep quality | Two drops every night for 5 consecutive nights at 22 : 00. | Although aromatherapy caused an improvement in the duration, efficiency, and disturbances of sleep, no significant alteration was observed compared with the control group. | [24] |
Fazlollahpour-Rokni et al. Rose | Artery bypass graft surgery | Damask rose | Anxiety | Three drops for 10 minutes one night and one hour before surgery | Aromatherapy of artery bypass graft surgery patients with Damask rose essential oil significantly declined the anxiety level. | [25] |
Ganjloo et al. | Myocardial infarction | Lavender | Anxiety | Three drops for 20–30 min, 3 times a day for 3 days | Lavender aromatherapy in patients with myocardial infarction considerably reduced the overt and covert anxiety in the patient | [26] |
Hajibagheri et al. | Cardiac patients | Damask rose | Sleep quality | Three drops for three subsequent nights | The sleep quality of patients was considerably improved followed by aromatherapy with damask rose essential oil. | [27] |
Hasanzadeh et al. | Artery bypass graft surgery | Lavender | Anxiety | 1–2 drops for 20 minutes | Lavender aromatherapy results in a considerable decrease in anxiety levels and pain intensity in patients. | [28] |
Hasanzadeh et al. | Heart failure | Lavender | Fatigue | Three drops for 15 days | Lavender aromatherapy significantly improved the fatigue severity in the patients with heart failure. | [29] |
Heidari et al. | Artery bypass graft surgery | Lavender | Anxiety | Two drops for 20 minutes | Lavender aromatherapy declined the anxiety score by 54.73. | [30] |
Heidari Gorji et al. | Artery bypass graft surgery | Lavender | Pain perception intensity | Two drops 15 minutes | Lavender aromatherapy significantly induced the pain perception intensity on the 30 and 60-minute phases after intervention. | [31] |
Hosseini et al. | Artery bypass graft surgery | Lavender | Anxiety | Two drops for 20 minutes | Lavender aromatherapy significantly decreased the anxiety and plasma cortisol levels. | [32] |
Jodaki et al. | Cardiac patients | Damask rose | Anxiety and sleep quality | Five drops for three consecutive nights | After aromatherapy with Damask rose essential oil a five drops for three consecutive nights, a significant improvement in the sleep quality and anxiety level was observed. | [33] |
Karadag et al. | Patients in coronary ICU | Lavender | Anxiety | Two drops for 2% essential oil, for 15 nights | Aromatherapy significantly reduced the anxiety level in the patients in coronary ICU. | [34] |
Kim et al. | Coronary angiography | Lavender, Bergamot, and ylang-ylang | Anxiety, state of sleep, and satisfaction of sleep | Three drops for 5 minutes | After aromatherapy with combination of bergamot, lavender and ylang-ylang reduced anxiety levels by 39% and improved sleep satisfaction. | [35] |
Koohestani et al. | Coronary angiography | Peppermint oil | Anxiety | 0.2 ml for 20 minutes | Peppermint oil aromatherapy in patient candidates for angiography significantly declined the level of anxiety from 51.9 ± 5.12 to 47.9 in comparison with the control group. | [36] |
Maghami et al. | Artery bypass graft surgery | Peppermint | Nausea and vomiting | Two drops 30 min before tracheal extubation, 4 h, and 8 h after endotracheal tube removal. | After aromatherapy with peppermint essential oil a significant reduction was observed in nausea and vomiting after open heart surgery. | [37] |
Mahdavikian et al. | Cardiac patients | Lavender and peppermint | Fatigue | Three drops for 7 nights. | Lavender and peppermint aromatherapy significantly improved the fatigue severity in the cardiac patients. | [38] |
Mirbastegan et al. | Myocardial infarction | Lavender | Anxiety | Three drops for 30 min 3 times a day for 3 days | Lavender aromatherapy in patients with myocardial infarction considerably declined the anxiety level. | [39] |
Moeini et al. | Cardiac ischemia | Lavender | Sleep quality | Three nights, each time 9 hours | Followed by lavender aromatherapy, the sleep quality was significantly improved in the ischemic heart disease patients. | [40] |
Moradi et al. | Cardiac ischemia | Lavender | Anxiety | Two drop for 20 min during the second and third day of hospitalization | In patients with cardiac ischemia, lavender aromatherapy considerably declined the anxiety level in comparison with the control group. | [41] |
Moradi et al. | Coronary angiography | Bitter orange | Anxiety | Four ml for 15–20 minutes | Significantly improved the hemodynamic parameters and also declined the anxiety level. | [42] |
Najafi et al. | Myocardial infarction | Lavender | Anxiety | Three drops for 20 min twice a day for two days | Lavender aromatherapy in patients with myocardial infarction considerably declined the anxiety level. | [43] |
Nematollahi et al. | Acute coronary syndrome | Lavender, M. recutita, and neroli (6 : 2 : 0.5) | Anxiety | For three consecutive nights at 21 : 00 p.m. | Aromatherapy with mixture of lavender, M. recutita, and neroli (6 : 2 : 0.5) results in a significant reduction in the anxiety level in patients with the acute coronary syndrome. | [44] |
Otaghi et al. | Coronary angiography | Lavender | Sleep quality | 15 drops for 24 hours, every 8 hours | Lavender aromatherapy had no significant effect on the sleep quality in patients undergoing coronary angiography when compared with the control group. | [45] |
Panjalizadeh B | Coronary angiography | Lavender | Anxiety | Five drops for 5 min 12 hours and 30 minutes before angiography | Lavender aromatherapy results in no considerable effect on decreasing anxiety in coronary angiography patients. | [46] |
Patsalis et al. | Cardiac patients | Lavender | Anxiety | Three drops 30 min | Lavender aromatherapy in the cardiovascular patients considerably declined the anxiety level. | [47] |
Pourmirzaie et al. | Coronary angiography | Lavender | Hemodynamic indexes | Two drops for 20 minutes | Followed by lavender aromatherapy a significant decrease in the hemodynamic parameters (e.g., blood pressure and respiratory rate) was observed. | [48] |
Pourmovahed et al. | Artery bypass graft surgery | Lavender | Anxiety | Two drops for 20 minutes | Lavender extract aromatherapy considerably declined the level of anxiety from 45.71 to 39.53. | [49] |
Rafi et al. | Coronary angiography | Lavender | Sleep quality | 15 drops for 24 h before intervention | After lavender aromatherapy, a significant improvement in the sleep quality was observed in patients undergoing coronary angiography. | [50] |
Rajai et al. | Artery bypass graft surgery | Lavender | Anxiety | Two drops on the morning of surgery | A considerable reduction was observed in the anxiety level (7.23 to 6.80) and heart rate followed by lavender aromatherapy with lavender. | [51] |
Rambod et al. | Myocardial infarction | Lemon | Blood pressure and heart rate | Five drops for 5 minutes | Significantly improved the heart rate and anxiety on the 4th day after the intervention | [52] |
Seifi et al. | Artery bypass graft surgery | Lavender | Anxiety | Two drops for 20 minutes on the second and third days after surgery | Lavender aromatherapy results in no considerable effect on decreasing anxiety in patients. | [53] |
Shirzadegan et al. | Acute myocardial infarction | Geranium aroma | Anxiety | 20 min a day on two consecutive days. | A considerable reduction was observed in the anxiety level. | [54] |
Soleimani et al. | Cardiac patients | Peppermint | Anxiety | 100% peppermint essential oil for 1 h | After aromatherapy with peppermint essential oil, a considerable decline was observed in anxiety level in cardiac patients in emergency department, when compared with the control group. | [55] |
Song et al. | Coronary angiography | Lavender, ylang-ylang, and neroli oil | Stress and blood pressure | Three drops for deep breaths | Hybrid aromatherapy with lavender, ylang-ylang, and neroli oil. Results in a significant reduction in stress score and systolic blood pressure. | [56] |
Tahmasebi et al. | Coronary angiography | Lavender | Anxiety | Two drops for 3 minutes | Aromatherapy caused a significant reduction in the anxiety level of patients. | [57] |
Tahmasebi et al. | Coronary angiography | Lavender | Anxiety and systolic blood pressure, pulse rate, and respiratory rate | Three drops for 3 minutes | Followed by aromatherapy, a significant improvement in the anxiety and hemodynamic, and physiologic parameters was observed. | [58] |
Tahmasebi et al. | Coronary angiography | Lavender | Vital sign | Three drops for 3 minutes | After aromatherapy with lavender, a significant reduction was observed in the pulse number, respiratory rate, and the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. | [59] |
Tazakori et al. | Coronary angiography | Damask rose | Anxiety | 15 drops for 3 times every 8 hours | Significantly improved the hemodynamic parameters and also declined the anxiety level. | [60] |
Teymouri et al. | Coronary angiography | Lavender | Anxiety | Two drops for 20 minutes | Followed by the lavender aromatherapy, the level of anxiety and stress scores was significantly declined by 30.7 and 9.6, respectively. | [61] |
Veiskaramian et al. | Acute coronary syndrome | Melissa | Stress | Two drops, 10–90 nights | Followed by aromatherapy with Melissa essential oil, a considerable decline was observed in stress level, arterial pressure, and heart rate 5 min after aromatherapy. | [62] |
Ziyaeifard et al. | Coronary angiography | Lavender | Anxiety | Five drops for 5 min | In coronary angiography patients, lavender aromatherapy results in a significant reduction in the anxiety level | [63] |
Ziyaeifard et al. | Coronary angiography | Lavender | Anxiety and pain | Five drops for 5 minutes | After aromatherapy with lavender extract, the level of anxiety was considerably reduced. | [64] |
Ziyaeifard et al. | Coronary angiography | Lavender | Blood pressure and heart rate | Five drops for 5 minutes | Lavender aromatherapy caused a significant reduction in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure from as well as the heart rate after angiography. | [63] |
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