[Retracted] Role of Aromatherapy as a Natural Complementary and Alternative Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Table 1

List of studies about the effect of aromatherapy on cardiovascular diseases.

Authors	Cardiovascular disease	Plant	Factor	Intervention	Outcome	Reference
Aalami et al.	Acute coronary syndrome	Matricaria recutita and neroli (6 : 2 : 0.5)	Sleep quality	Three consecutive nights	Hybrid aromatherapy caused a significant improvement in the sleep quality in patients with the acute coronary syndrome.	[15]
Abdi et al.	Coronary angiography	Orange essence	Anxiety	Two drops for 20 minutes	Aromatherapy with orange essence declined the anxiety levels after coronary angiography by 36.26 ± 7.65.	[16]
Asgari et al.	Coronary angiography	Bitter orange	Sleep quality	Two to three deep breaths	Aromatherapy with bitter orange essential oil significantly improved the sleep quality	[17]
Babatabar Darzi et al.	Artery bypass graft surgery	Lavender and damask rose	Surgical site pain severity, extubation time, and anxiety	Two drops after triggering of the first inspiration	Followed by the aromatherapy with lavender and rose essential oil, a significant reduction was observed in the time of extubation time, pain severity, and anxiety level in patients.	[18]
Bikmoradi et al	Artery bypass graft surgery	Lavender	Anxiety	Two drops for 20 minutes on the second and third days after surgery	Lavender aromatherapy had no significant effect on decreasing mental stress where it improved the systolic blood pressure.	[19]
Bikmoradi et al.	Coronary angiography	Damask rose	Anxiety	Five drops for 20 minutes	Followed by aromatherapy with damask rose essential oil, a significant decline was reported in the anxiety level.	[20]
Cho et al.	Coronary angiography	Lavender, M. recutita, and neroli essential oil	Anxiety, vital signs, and sleep quality	Two drops for 10 deep breaths, before and after PCI	After hybrid aromatherapy with lavender, M. recutita, and neroli essential oil caused a significant reduction in the anxiety level, whereas it improved the vital signs and sleep quality in undergoing coronary angiography.	[21]
Davari et al.	Artery bypass graft surgery	Lavender	Sleep Quality and Physiological Indicators	For 10 hours	Although the lavender aromatherapy had no significant effect on in the physiological indicators, it significantly improved the quality sleep in coronary artery bypass graft patients.	[22]
Ebrahimi Hosein Abadi	Artery bypass graft surgery	Lavender	Hemodynamic Indices	5 drops for 30 minutes after surgery	Lavender aromatherapy as five drops for 30 minutes after surgery improved the patient’s blood pressure.	[23]
Emami-Sigaroudi et al.	Artery bypass graft surgery	Lavender and damask rose	Sleep quality	Two drops every night for 5 consecutive nights at 22 : 00.	Although aromatherapy caused an improvement in the duration, efficiency, and disturbances of sleep, no significant alteration was observed compared with the control group.	[24]
Fazlollahpour-Rokni et al. Rose	Artery bypass graft surgery	Damask rose	Anxiety	Three drops for 10 minutes one night and one hour before surgery	Aromatherapy of artery bypass graft surgery patients with Damask rose essential oil significantly declined the anxiety level.	[25]
Ganjloo et al.	Myocardial infarction	Lavender	Anxiety	Three drops for 20–30 min, 3 times a day for 3 days	Lavender aromatherapy in patients with myocardial infarction considerably reduced the overt and covert anxiety in the patient	[26]
Hajibagheri et al.	Cardiac patients	Damask rose	Sleep quality	Three drops for three subsequent nights	The sleep quality of patients was considerably improved followed by aromatherapy with damask rose essential oil.	[27]
Hasanzadeh et al.	Artery bypass graft surgery	Lavender	Anxiety	1–2 drops for 20 minutes	Lavender aromatherapy results in a considerable decrease in anxiety levels and pain intensity in patients.	[28]
Hasanzadeh et al.	Heart failure	Lavender	Fatigue	Three drops for 15 days	Lavender aromatherapy significantly improved the fatigue severity in the patients with heart failure.	[29]
Heidari et al.	Artery bypass graft surgery	Lavender	Anxiety	Two drops for 20 minutes	Lavender aromatherapy declined the anxiety score by 54.73.	[30]
Heidari Gorji et al.	Artery bypass graft surgery	Lavender	Pain perception intensity	Two drops 15 minutes	Lavender aromatherapy significantly induced the pain perception intensity on the 30 and 60-minute phases after intervention.	[31]
Hosseini et al.	Artery bypass graft surgery	Lavender	Anxiety	Two drops for 20 minutes	Lavender aromatherapy significantly decreased the anxiety and plasma cortisol levels.	[32]
Jodaki et al.	Cardiac patients	Damask rose	Anxiety and sleep quality	Five drops for three consecutive nights	After aromatherapy with Damask rose essential oil a five drops for three consecutive nights, a significant improvement in the sleep quality and anxiety level was observed.	[33]
Karadag et al.	Patients in coronary ICU	Lavender	Anxiety	Two drops for 2% essential oil, for 15 nights	Aromatherapy significantly reduced the anxiety level in the patients in coronary ICU.	[34]
Kim et al.	Coronary angiography	Lavender, Bergamot, and ylang-ylang	Anxiety, state of sleep, and satisfaction of sleep	Three drops for 5 minutes	After aromatherapy with combination of bergamot, lavender and ylang-ylang reduced anxiety levels by 39% and improved sleep satisfaction.	[35]
Koohestani et al.	Coronary angiography	Peppermint oil	Anxiety	0.2 ml for 20 minutes	Peppermint oil aromatherapy in patient candidates for angiography significantly declined the level of anxiety from 51.9 ± 5.12 to 47.9 in comparison with the control group.	[36]
Maghami et al.	Artery bypass graft surgery	Peppermint	Nausea and vomiting	Two drops 30 min before tracheal extubation, 4 h, and 8 h after endotracheal tube removal.	After aromatherapy with peppermint essential oil a significant reduction was observed in nausea and vomiting after open heart surgery.	[37]
Mahdavikian et al.	Cardiac patients	Lavender and peppermint	Fatigue	Three drops for 7 nights.	Lavender and peppermint aromatherapy significantly improved the fatigue severity in the cardiac patients.	[38]
Mirbastegan et al.	Myocardial infarction	Lavender	Anxiety	Three drops for 30 min 3 times a day for 3 days	Lavender aromatherapy in patients with myocardial infarction considerably declined the anxiety level.	[39]
Moeini et al.	Cardiac ischemia	Lavender	Sleep quality	Three nights, each time 9 hours	Followed by lavender aromatherapy, the sleep quality was significantly improved in the ischemic heart disease patients.	[40]
Moradi et al.	Cardiac ischemia	Lavender	Anxiety	Two drop for 20 min during the second and third day of hospitalization	In patients with cardiac ischemia, lavender aromatherapy considerably declined the anxiety level in comparison with the control group.	[41]
Moradi et al.	Coronary angiography	Bitter orange	Anxiety	Four ml for 15–20 minutes	Significantly improved the hemodynamic parameters and also declined the anxiety level.	[42]
Najafi et al.	Myocardial infarction	Lavender	Anxiety	Three drops for 20 min twice a day for two days	Lavender aromatherapy in patients with myocardial infarction considerably declined the anxiety level.	[43]
Nematollahi et al.	Acute coronary syndrome	Lavender, M. recutita, and neroli (6 : 2 : 0.5)	Anxiety	For three consecutive nights at 21 : 00 p.m.	Aromatherapy with mixture of lavender, M. recutita, and neroli (6 : 2 : 0.5) results in a significant reduction in the anxiety level in patients with the acute coronary syndrome.	[44]
Otaghi et al.	Coronary angiography	Lavender	Sleep quality	15 drops for 24 hours, every 8 hours	Lavender aromatherapy had no significant effect on the sleep quality in patients undergoing coronary angiography when compared with the control group.	[45]
Panjalizadeh B	Coronary angiography	Lavender	Anxiety	Five drops for 5 min 12 hours and 30 minutes before angiography	Lavender aromatherapy results in no considerable effect on decreasing anxiety in coronary angiography patients.	[46]
Patsalis et al.	Cardiac patients	Lavender	Anxiety	Three drops 30 min	Lavender aromatherapy in the cardiovascular patients considerably declined the anxiety level.	[47]
Pourmirzaie et al.	Coronary angiography	Lavender	Hemodynamic indexes	Two drops for 20 minutes	Followed by lavender aromatherapy a significant decrease in the hemodynamic parameters (e.g., blood pressure and respiratory rate) was observed.	[48]
Pourmovahed et al.	Artery bypass graft surgery	Lavender	Anxiety	Two drops for 20 minutes	Lavender extract aromatherapy considerably declined the level of anxiety from 45.71 to 39.53.	[49]
Rafi et al.	Coronary angiography	Lavender	Sleep quality	15 drops for 24 h before intervention	After lavender aromatherapy, a significant improvement in the sleep quality was observed in patients undergoing coronary angiography.	[50]
Rajai et al.	Artery bypass graft surgery	Lavender	Anxiety	Two drops on the morning of surgery	A considerable reduction was observed in the anxiety level (7.23 to 6.80) and heart rate followed by lavender aromatherapy with lavender.	[51]
Rambod et al.	Myocardial infarction	Lemon	Blood pressure and heart rate	Five drops for 5 minutes	Significantly improved the heart rate and anxiety on the 4th day after the intervention	[52]
Seifi et al.	Artery bypass graft surgery	Lavender	Anxiety	Two drops for 20 minutes on the second and third days after surgery	Lavender aromatherapy results in no considerable effect on decreasing anxiety in patients.	[53]
Shirzadegan et al.	Acute myocardial infarction	Geranium aroma	Anxiety	20 min a day on two consecutive days.	A considerable reduction was observed in the anxiety level.	[54]
Soleimani et al.	Cardiac patients	Peppermint	Anxiety	100% peppermint essential oil for 1 h	After aromatherapy with peppermint essential oil, a considerable decline was observed in anxiety level in cardiac patients in emergency department, when compared with the control group.	[55]
Song et al.	Coronary angiography	Lavender, ylang-ylang, and neroli oil	Stress and blood pressure	Three drops for deep breaths	Hybrid aromatherapy with lavender, ylang-ylang, and neroli oil. Results in a significant reduction in stress score and systolic blood pressure.	[56]
Tahmasebi et al.	Coronary angiography	Lavender	Anxiety	Two drops for 3 minutes	Aromatherapy caused a significant reduction in the anxiety level of patients.	[57]
Tahmasebi et al.	Coronary angiography	Lavender	Anxiety and systolic blood pressure, pulse rate, and respiratory rate	Three drops for 3 minutes	Followed by aromatherapy, a significant improvement in the anxiety and hemodynamic, and physiologic parameters was observed.	[58]
Tahmasebi et al.	Coronary angiography	Lavender	Vital sign	Three drops for 3 minutes	After aromatherapy with lavender, a significant reduction was observed in the pulse number, respiratory rate, and the systolic and diastolic blood pressure.	[59]
Tazakori et al.	Coronary angiography	Damask rose	Anxiety	15 drops for 3 times every 8 hours	Significantly improved the hemodynamic parameters and also declined the anxiety level.	[60]
Teymouri et al.	Coronary angiography	Lavender	Anxiety	Two drops for 20 minutes	Followed by the lavender aromatherapy, the level of anxiety and stress scores was significantly declined by 30.7 and 9.6, respectively.	[61]
Veiskaramian et al.	Acute coronary syndrome	Melissa	Stress	Two drops, 10–90 nights	Followed by aromatherapy with Melissa essential oil, a considerable decline was observed in stress level, arterial pressure, and heart rate 5 min after aromatherapy.	[62]
Ziyaeifard et al.	Coronary angiography	Lavender	Anxiety	Five drops for 5 min	In coronary angiography patients, lavender aromatherapy results in a significant reduction in the anxiety level	[63]
Ziyaeifard et al.	Coronary angiography	Lavender	Anxiety and pain	Five drops for 5 minutes	After aromatherapy with lavender extract, the level of anxiety was considerably reduced.	[64]
Ziyaeifard et al.	Coronary angiography	Lavender	Blood pressure and heart rate	Five drops for 5 minutes	Lavender aromatherapy caused a significant reduction in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure from as well as the heart rate after angiography.	[63]