|
| Methods/drugs | Intervention targets | Cell type/animal model | Effects |
|
| Ac-YVAD-CMK [29, 33] | Caspase-1 inhibitor | GECs [29] | Reduce the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β |
| VX-765 [51] | Immortalized mouse podocyte cell line [29, 33] |
| HBZY-1 [51] |
| Sodium butyrate [29] | Caspase-1-GSDMD, | GECs | Ameliorate caspase-1-GSDMD-IL-1β/IL-18 canonical pyroptosis pathway and NF-κB/IκB-α signaling pathway |
| NF-κB/IκB-α |
| Hirudin [30] | IRF2-GSDMD | GECs, RTECs, and BMDMs | Inhibit IRF2-induced GSDMD |
| MCC950 [32] | NLRP3 inhibitor | db/db mice and rat mesangial cells< | Inhibit the NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β pathway |
| Knockdown TLR4 [37] | NALP3/ASC/caspase-1 | Mouse podocytes | Inhibit NALP3/ASC/caspase-1 signaling pathway |
| Knockdown TXNIP [38] | TXNIP | Immortalized human podocyte cell line | Inhibits HG-induced NALP3 inflammasome activation, IL-1β production, and podocyte injury |
| Overexpress FOXM1 [39] | SIRT4 | MPC5 cells | Inhibits NF-κB signaling and NLRP3/caspase-1 |
| sC5b-9 | NLRP3 | MPC5 cells | Inhibit the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD-N, IL-1β, and IL-18 |
| Knockdown KCNQ1OT1 |
| Upregulate |
| MiR-486a-3p [40] |
| miR-21-5p inhibitor [41] | miR-21-5p/A20 | MPC5 cells | Inhibit the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β |
| Geniposide [42] | APMK/SIRT1/NF-κB | HFD/STZ-induced DN mice and podocyte | Activate APMK/SIRT1 pathway and downregulate the relative levels of p–NF–κB, ASC, cleave-IL-1β, NLRP3, cleave-caspase-1, and GSDMD-N |
| Catalpol [44] |
| Atorvastatin [43] | MALAT1/miR-200c/NRF2 | MPC-5 cells | Reduce the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, and GSDMD via the downregulation of MALAT1/miR-200c and promotion of the expression of NRF2 |
| TFA [45] | METTL3-dependent m6A | MPC-5 cells | Downregulate the expression of GSDMD-N, IL-1β, and IL-18; |
| PTEN/PI3K/Akt | Upregulated the protein expression levels of nephrin, ZO-1, WT1, and podocalyxin in podocytes |
| Naringin [50] | NLRP3 | Rat mesangial cells | Reduce the expression of inflammatory factors via the NLRP3-caspase-1-IL-1β/IL-18 signaling pathway |
| Ginsenoside compound K [51] | NLRP3 | HBZY-1 | Inhibit ROS-mediated activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB/p38 signaling pathway |
| NF-κB/p38 |
| Downregulate MALAT1 [53] | ELAVL1 | HK-2 cells | Inhibit the expression of MALAT1 |
| Upregulate | Downregulate the expression of ELAVL1, NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β |
| MiR-23c [53] |
| TAK-242 [56] | TLR4 inhibitor | HK-2 cells | Reduce GSDMD-N-induced pyroptosis via the inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling |
| Downregulate KCNQ1OT1 [57, 65] | NLRP3 | HK-2 cells [57] | Inhibits pyroptosis via the NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β signaling |
| Upregulate | Corneal endothelial cells [65] |
| MiR-214 [65] |
| Knockdown ANRIL [58] | TXNIP | HK-2 cells | Inhibit caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis |
| Upregulate miR-497 [58] |
| Resolvin D1 (RvD1) [66] | NLRP3 | STZ-induced diabetic retinopathy rats | Inhibit the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and downregulate the levels of NLRP3, ASC, cleaved-caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 |
| Upregulate | NLRP1 and NOX4 | HRMECs | Suppress pyroptosis by targeting NLRP1 and inhibit the NOX4/ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway |
| MiR-590-3p [70] |
| Overexpress METTL3 [71] | miR-25-3p/PTEN | ARPE-19 | Increase p-Akt level and attenuate the expression of caspase-1, GSDMD, NLRP3, IL-1β and IL-18 |
| Knockdown | STAT3 | ARPE-19 | Inhibit STAT3 expression and decrease the expression of pro-caspase-1, caspase-1, NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18 |
| CircZNF532 [72] |
| Upregulate miR-20b-5p [72] |
| H3 relaxin [73] | P2X7R/NLRP3 | HRMECs | Attenuate P2X7R-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the expression of caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β, and IL-18 |
| Silence KCNQ1OT1 [80, 82] | TGF-β1/Smads/caspase-1 [80] | C57BL/6 mice [80, 82] | Alleviate pyroptosis by targeting miR-214-3p |
| Upregulate miR-214-3p [80, 82] | NLRP3/caspase-1 [82] | Cardiac fibroblasts of neonatal C57BL/6 mice [80] |
| AC16 cells and primary cardiomyocytes [82] |
| Downregulate microRNA-30d [81]< | Foxo3a and ARC< | Rat cardiomyocytes | Inhibit pyroptosis via the promotion of the expression of Foxo3a and ARC |
| Knockdown MALAT1 [83] | miR-141-3p | H9c2 cells | Upregulate miR-141-3p and attenuate the expression of ASC, caspase-1, GSDMD, GSDMD-N, and NLRP3 |
| Knockdown AIM2 [85] | AIM2 | H9C2 cells | Alleviated GSDMD-N-related pyroptosis |
| MicroRNA-9 [86] | ELAVL1 | Mouse macropage RAW 264.7 cells | Attenuate the expression of ELAVL1 and inhibit pyroptosis |
| Upregulate GAS5 [87] | miR-34b-3p/AHR | HL-1 cells | Repress NLRP3 inflammasome activation-mediated pyroptosis via the inhibition of miR-34b-3p and enhance the gene and protein expression of AHR |
| Silence | miR-214-3p/caspase-1 | Mice cardiomyocytes | Repress caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis via the inhibition of miR-34b-3p |
| MIAT [88] |
| Knockdown circ_0071269 [89] | miR-145/GSDMA | H9c2 cells | Inhibit pyroptosis via the downregulation of GSDMA |
| STZ-induced DM mice |
| Overexpress ALDH2 [90] | NLRP3 | H9c2 cells | Inhibit NLRP3/caspase-1 dependent pyroptosis |
| Metformin [91] | NLRP3 | STZ-induced C57BL/6 mice primary cardiomyocytes from neonatal mice | Inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome via AMPK/mTOR-dependent effects |
| Exendin-4 [92] | ROS/pAMPK/TXNIP | Primary cardiomyocytes | Inhibit pyroptosis via the downregulation of TXNIP |
| HFD-fed mouse model |
| PQQ [93] | NF-κB/NLRP3 | AC16 cells | Decrease pyroptosis-related protein levels |
| STZ-induced diabetic mice |
| Skimmin [94] | NLRP3 | Primary neonatal cardiomyocytes | Decrease the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β |
| STZ-induced diabetic rat |
| Empagliflozin [95] | NLRP3 | db/db mice | Alleviate the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and reduce the expression of cleaved-caspase-1, IL-1β, and cleaved-GSDMD |
|
